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Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Men and Women in the U.S.
Li, J, Lee, DH, Hu, J, Tabung, FK, Li, Y, Bhupathiraju, SN, Rimm, EB, Rexrode, KM, Manson, JE, Willett, WC, et al
Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020;(19):2181-2193
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Diet modulates inflammation; however, it remains unknown whether dietary patterns with higher inflammatory potential are associated with long-term CVD risk. OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine whether proinflammatory diets are associated with increased CVD risk. METHODS We prospectively followed 74,578 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (1984-2016), 91,656 women from the NHSII (1991-2015), and 43,911 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. The inflammatory potential of diet was evaluated using a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score that was pre-defined based on levels of 3 systemic inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS During 5,291,518 person-years of follow-up, we documented 15,837 incident CVD cases, including 9,794 coronary heart disease (CHD) cases and 6,174 strokes. In pooled analyses of the 3 cohorts, after adjustment for use of anti-inflammatory medications and CVD risk factors including body mass index, a higher dietary inflammatory potential, as indicated by higher EDIP scores, was associated with an increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] comparing the highest to lowest quintiles: 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31 to 1.46; p for trend <0.001), CHD (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.36 to 1.56; p for trend <0.001), and stroke (HR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17- to 1.39; p for trend <0.001). These associations were consistent across cohorts and between sexes, and they remained significant after further adjustment for other dietary quality indices. In a subset of study participants (n = 33,719), a higher EDIP was associated with a higher circulating profile of proinflammatory biomarkers, lower levels of adiponectin, and an unfavorable blood lipid profile (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dietary patterns with a higher proinflammatory potential were associated with higher CVD risk. Reducing the inflammatory potential of the diet may potentially provide an effective strategy for CVD prevention.
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Effects of cultured dairy and nondairy products added to breakfast cereals on blood glucose control, satiation, satiety, and short-term food intake in young women.
Mather, K, Boachie, R, Anini, Y, Panahi, S, Anderson, GH, Luhovyy, BL
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2020;(10):1118-1126
Abstract
Breakfast cereals are often consumed with dairy products or nondairy alternatives; however, the effect of the combination on blood glucose and food intake control is not well investigated. In a randomized, crossover study, 24 healthy women (age: 22.7 ± 2.5 years; body mass index: 22.1 ± 1.5 kg/m2) consumed, to satiation, 1 of 3 treatments: Greek yogurt with granola (150 kcal, 9.2 g protein, 2.6 g fat, 2.0 g dietary fibre, and 21.5 g available carbohydrate/100 g); cultured coconut product with granola (146 kcal, 3.2 g protein, 3.2 g fat, 5.6 g dietary fibre, and 21.9 g available carbohydrate/100 g); or water control. The data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. The 2 h blood glucose iAUC was 52% lower after the dairy compared with nondairy treatment (P < 0.0001). While there were no differences in food intake between the caloric treatments consumed to satiation, protein intake was 3 times higher and fibre intake was 4 times lower after the dairy compared with nondairy treatment. Both caloric treatments resulted in similar suppression of ad libitum food intake at 2 h (P < 0.003) and subjective appetite over 2 h (P < 0.0001) compared with water. The cumulative food intake over 2 h was lower after water (P < 0.05). The 1.8-fold increase in postprandial insulin after dairy compared with nondairy treatment may explain the reduction in blood glucose without an increase in subsequent energy intake. Novelty Blood glucose in young females is lower after a breakfast with granola in a high-protein cultured dairy than when in a high-fibre nondairy cultured product. Subjective appetite over 2 h and food intake 2 h later was similarly lower after both breakfasts but cumulative intake was higher compared with breakfast skipping.
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Role of Energy Excretion in Human Body Weight Regulation.
Lund, J, Gerhart-Hines, Z, Clemmensen, C
Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM. 2020;(10):705-708
Abstract
Food intake and energy expenditure are the typical determinants of body weight. Yet, recent observations underscore that a third and often-neglected factor, fecal energy loss, can influence energy balance. Here, we explore how macronutrient excretion modulates human energy homeostasis and highlight its potential impact on the propensity to gain weight.
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A word of caution against excessive protein intake.
Mittendorfer, B, Klein, S, Fontana, L
Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2020;(1):59-66
Abstract
Dietary protein is crucial for human health because it provides essential amino acids for protein synthesis. In addition, dietary protein is more satiating than carbohydrate and fat. Accordingly, many people consider the protein content when purchasing food and beverages and report 'trying to eat more protein'. The global market for protein ingredients is projected to reach approximately US$90 billion by 2021, largely driven by the growing demand for protein-fortified food products. This Perspective serves as a caution against the trend of protein-enriched diets and provides an evidence-based counterpoint that underscores the potential adverse public health consequences of high protein intake.
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Assessment of energy expenditure: are calories measured differently for different diets?
Sanchez-Delgado, G, Ravussin, E
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2020;(5):312-318
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence and burden of obesity has reached alarming levels. The assessment of human energy expenditure enables the identification of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant individuals and helps to explain the short and long-term success of weight loss treatments. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art methods used in the assessment of human energy expenditure and the impact of dietary intake on the interpretation of the data. RECENT FINDINGS The reference techniques to assess energy expenditure in humans have not significantly changed during the last century. Today, indirect calorimetry, either using a metabolic chamber or a metabolic cart, is the favored method to assess human energy expenditure and is the only method enabling the assessment of macronutrient oxidation. The doubly labeled water method however provides accurate assessment of human energy expenditure under free living conditions. SUMMARY Although energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation can be assessed by simple calculations from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, these calculations can provide erroneous results or require corrections and/or more complex interpretation when several biochemical pathways are simultaneously engaged. Such physiological mechanisms are often elicited by dietary interventions including, among other, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ketogenesis, alcohol oxidation and under or overfeeding.
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Do Youth Consume More Calories than they Expended in Youth Sports Leagues? An Observational Study of Physical Activity, Snacks, and Beverages.
Bennion, N, Spruance, LA, Maddock, JE
American journal of health behavior. 2020;(2):180-187
Abstract
Objectives: Childhood obesity rates remain high. The youth sports environment is an opportunity to combat obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of beverages/ snacks provided at youth sports and determine associations between energy consumption and expenditure. Methods: This cross-sectional study observed 4 different sports in a youth sports league (N = 189). The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) was used to quantify physical activity. Food environmental scans were used to quantify caloric intake. A t-test was conducted to examine differences between energy consumption and expenditure. We conducted a separate analysis for games that did not offer snacks/beverages. Results: The average energy expenditure was 170.3 calories per game; males were more physically active than females. The average caloric content was 213.3 calories for games that did not offer snacks/beverages and average sugar provided was 26.4 grams per game. The majority of sugar came from sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusions: Calorie intake was higher than expenditure. Children were consuming more sugar in one game than daily recommendations. Youth sports would benefit from an intervention aimed at the food environment.
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Negative Association between Caloric Intake and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Chinese Population: Mediation Models Involving Mitochondrial Function.
Ma, C, He, S, Li, P, Zhang, H, Li, W, Li, Y
Gerontology. 2020;(5):439-446
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the shortening of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and decrease in the copy number of mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are considered important drivers of the aging process. Although previous experimental studies report that caloric intake is associated with age-related renal dysfunction through the changes in mitochondrial function, there are insufficient epidemiological data to establish this association. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the association between caloric intake and renal function and to investigate whether mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) mediated this association by cross-sectional analysis. METHODS A total of 403 individuals from a Chinese rural cohort (women = 66.50%; mean age = 53.94 ± 10.27 years) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and with differences in the glucose tolerance status (diabetes, n = 106; prediabetes, n = 125; normal glucose tolerance, n = 172) were included. Dietary data were obtained by a 24-h food recall, and caloric intake was normalized by ideal body weight. The mtDNAcn and LTL were detected using real-time PCR assay. The associations between caloric intake, aging markers, and renal function were analyzed by partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Mediation analysis was applied to examine the role of mtDNAcn in the association between caloric intake and eGFR. RESULTS Caloric intake was higher while age-adjusted mtDNAcn was lower in individuals with eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 140) than in those with eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 263). After adjusting for multiple factors, linear regression analysis revealed that caloric intake was negatively associated with eGFR and mtDNAcn, while mtDNAcn was positively associated with eGFR. Moreover, mediation analysis indicated that the indirect effect of caloric intake on eGFR through mtDNAcn was significant (β = -0.0505, 95% confidence interval -0.0931 to -0.0190). CONCLUSIONS Caloric intake was negatively associated with eGFR in a Chinese population, and the association was partly mediated by decreased mtDNAcn.
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Effects of the Preschool-Based Family-Involving DAGIS Intervention Program on Children's Energy Balance-Related Behaviors and Self-Regulation Skills: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial.
Ray, C, Figuereido, R, Vepsäläinen, H, Lehto, R, Pajulahti, R, Skaffari, E, Sainio, T, Hiltunen, P, Lehto, E, Korkalo, L, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
The study examines the effects of a preschool-based family-involving multicomponent intervention on children's energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) such as food consumption, screen time and physical activity (PA), and self-regulation (SR) skills, and whether the intervention effects differed among children with low or high parental educational level (PEL) backgrounds. The Increased Health and Wellbeing in Preschools (DAGIS) intervention was conducted as a clustered randomized controlled trial, clustered at preschool level, over five months in 2017-2018. Altogether, 802 children aged 3-6 years in age participated. Parents reported children's consumption of sugary everyday foods and beverages, sugary treats, fruits, and vegetables by a food frequency questionnaire, and screen time by a 7-day diary. Physical activity was assessed by a hip-worn accelerometer. Cognitive and emotional SR was reported in a questionnaire by parents. General linear mixed models with and without repeated measures were used as statistical methods. At follow-up, no differences were detected in EBRBs or SR skills between the intervention and control group, nor did differences emerge in children's EBRBs between the intervention and the control groups when stratified by PEL. The improvement in cognitive SR skills among low PEL intervention children differed from low PEL control children, the significance being borderline. The DAGIS multicomponent intervention did not significantly affect children's EBRBs or SR. Further sub-analyses and a comprehensive process evaluation may shed light on the non-significant findings.
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Effect of exercise-meal timing on energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity: The TIMEX study.
Fillon, A, Mathieu, ME, Masurier, J, Roche, J, Miguet, M, Khammassi, M, Finlayson, G, Beaulieu, K, Pereira, B, Duclos, M, et al
Appetite. 2020;:104506
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Abstract
The present study manipulated the delay between exercise and test meal to investigate its effect on energy intake, appetite sensations and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Fifteen adolescents with obesity randomly completed 3 experimental sessions: i) rest without exercise (CON); ii) 30 min of exercise 180 min before lunch (EX-180); iii) 30 min of exercise 60 min before lunch (EX-60). Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at lunch and dinner, and food reward (LFPQ) assessed before and after lunch. Appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals. Absolute energy intake was not different between conditions despite a 14.4% lower intake in EX-60 relative to CON. Lunch relative energy intake (REI: energy intake - exercise-induced energy expenditure) was higher in CON compared with EX-60 (p < 0.001). Lunch fat intake was lower in EX-60 compared with CON (p = 0.01) and EX-180(p = 0.02). Pre-lunch hunger in CON was lower than EX-180 (p = 0.02). Pre-lunch prospective food consumption and desire to eat were lower in CON compared with both exercise conditions (p = 0.001). A significant condition effect was found for explicit liking for high-fat relative to low-fat foods before lunch (p = 0.03) with EX-60 being significantly lower than EX-180 (p = 0.001). The nutritional and food reward adaptations to exercise might be dependent on the timing of exercise, which is of importance to optimize its effect on energy balance in adolescents with obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REFERENCE NCT03807609.
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Reducing sugar use in coffee while maintaining enjoyment: A randomized controlled trial.
Lenne, RL, Mann, T
Journal of health psychology. 2020;(5):586-597
Abstract
Consuming coffee without (or with less) sugar may help people lower their daily calorie intake without restrictive dieting. We tested two theory-based interventions to help people do so. One involved gradually reducing sugar over time, and the other was based on mindfulness theory. These interventions were compared to a repeated exposure (to sugar-free coffee) group. Participants in all conditions had significant increases in consumption of sugar-free coffee that lasted 6 months. The mindfulness group had a larger increase than the others. Unexpectedly, the gradual reduction intervention led to a decrease in liking for sugar-free coffee and was the least effective.