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Genomic evidence for shared common ancestry of East African hunting-gathering populations and insights into local adaptation.
Scheinfeldt, LB, Soi, S, Lambert, C, Ko, WY, Coulibaly, A, Ranciaro, A, Thompson, S, Hirbo, J, Beggs, W, Ibrahim, M, et al
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019;(10):4166-4175
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Abstract
Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa ∼300,000 years ago, but the demographic and adaptive histories of African populations are not well-characterized. Here, we have generated a genome-wide dataset from 840 Africans, residing in western, eastern, southern, and northern Africa, belonging to 50 ethnicities, and speaking languages belonging to four language families. In addition to agriculturalists and pastoralists, our study includes 16 populations that practice, or until recently have practiced, a hunting-gathering (HG) lifestyle. We observe that genetic structure in Africa is broadly correlated not only with geography, but to a lesser extent, with linguistic affiliation and subsistence strategy. Four East African HG (EHG) populations that are geographically distant from each other show evidence of common ancestry: the Hadza and Sandawe in Tanzania, who speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan; the Dahalo in Kenya, whose language has remnant clicks; and the Sabue in Ethiopia, who speak an unclassified language. Additionally, we observed common ancestry between central African rainforest HGs and southern African San, the latter of whom speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan. With the exception of the EHG, central African rainforest HGs, and San, other HG groups in Africa appear genetically similar to neighboring agriculturalist or pastoralist populations. We additionally demonstrate that infectious disease, immune response, and diet have played important roles in the adaptive landscape of African history. However, while the broad biological processes involved in recent human adaptation in Africa are often consistent across populations, the specific loci affected by selective pressures more often vary across populations.
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Accuracy assessment of pharmacogenetic algorithms for warfarin dose prediction in Chinese patients.
Lei, X, Guo, Y, Sun, J, Zhou, H, Liu, Y, Liang, P, Yan, Z
American journal of hematology. 2012;(5):541-4
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Abstract
A few warfarin pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms have been proposed,based on multiethnic or homogeneous populations, to estimate warfarin therapeutic doses. However, it remains to be proven that which algorithm is accurate in predicting warfarin dose in Chinese people. We selected eight warfarin dose predictive pharmacogenetic algorithms and retrospectively assessed the predictive accuracy of each algorithm in a total of 368 eligible outpatients by comparing the actual stable therapeutic dose to the dose predicted by the algorithm. Our results showed that a high level of performance was demonstrated by three algorithms,Gage et al., Anderson et al., and Wu et al., having a similar performance in coefficient of determination (R2) and percentage of patients predicted dose within 20% of actual dose. The Gage et al. algorithm had the lowest mean absolute error (MAE). These results indicated that the algorithm by Gage et al. provided a more accurate prediction than did the others,which suggests that this pharmacogenetic algorithm might be used in clinical practice to guide rational administration of warfarin.