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Prescription of exercise training for hypertensives.
Sakamoto, S
Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. 2020;(3):155-161
Abstract
In Japan, there were an estimated 43 million patients with hypertension in 2010. The management of this condition is given the highest priority in disease control, and the importance of lifestyle changes for the prevention and treatment of hypertension has been recognized in Japan. In particular, emphasis has been placed on increasing the levels of activities of daily living and physical exercise (sports). In this literature review, we examined appropriate exercise prescriptions (e.g., type, intensity, duration per session, and frequency) for the prevention and treatment of hypertension as described in Japanese and foreign articles. This review recommends safe and effective whole-body aerobic exercise at moderate intensity (i.e., 50-65% of maximum oxygen intake, 30-60 min per session, 3-4 times a week) that primarily focuses on the major muscle groups for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Resistance exercise should be performed at low-intensity without breath-holding and should be used as supplementary exercise, but resistance exercise is contraindicated in patients with hypertension who have chest symptoms such as chest pain.
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The immunological case for staying active during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Simpson, RJ, Katsanis, E
Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;:6-7
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Diabetes Technology and Exercise.
Riddell, MC, Pooni, R, Fontana, FY, Scott, SN
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2020;(1):109-125
Abstract
Advances in technologies such as glucose monitors, exercise wearables, closed-loop systems, and various smartphone applications are helping many people with diabetes to be more physically active. These technologies are designed to overcome the challenges associated with exercise duration, mode, relative intensity, and absolute intensity, all of which affect glucose homeostasis in people living with diabetes. At present, optimal use of these technologies depends largely on motivation, competence, and adherence to daily diabetes care requirements. This article discusses recent technologies designed to help patients with diabetes to be more physically active, while also trying to improve glucose control around exercise.
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4.
Train like an athlete: applying exercise interventions to manage type 2 diabetes.
Savikj, M, Zierath, JR
Diabetologia. 2020;(8):1491-1499
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Abstract
Exercise elicits high energy demands, stimulating cardiorespiratory function and substrate mobilisation and oxidation. Repeated bouts of exercise lead to whole-body adaptations, which improve athletic performance. Distinct exercise modalities and intensities and nutritional conditions pose specific physiological challenges, subsequently inducing different adaptations to training. Athletes often modify these variables to achieve individualised training goals and maximise performance. Exercise training improves glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes; however, the precise training regimen that confers the most beneficial metabolic adaptations in this population is unknown. In this review, we discuss how modifying exercise type, intensity and modality and nutritional status affects the beneficial effects of exercise on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Evidence indicates that greater improvements in glycaemic control can be achieved through combined aerobic and resistance training regimens compared with either training type alone. However, the increased frequency of training and a greater number of exercise bouts during combined programmes could be responsible for apparent advantages over a single training modality. The beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on glycaemic control seem to rise with training intensity, with superior adaptations achieved by high-intensity interval training (HIT). In addition, training with low carbohydrate availability ('training low') improves cardiorespiratory function and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity more than conventional training in healthy untrained individuals. Examinations of various training regimens are warranted to assess the safety, efficacy, feasibility and beneficial effects in the type 2 diabetes population. Just like competitive athletes, individuals with type 2 diabetes should be encouraged to adopt training regimens that improve fitness and metabolism. Graphical abstract.
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Polyphenols: Potential Beneficial Effects of These Phytochemicals in Athletes.
D'Angelo, S
Current sports medicine reports. 2020;(7):260-265
Abstract
An athlete's dietary requirements depend on several aspects, including the environment, the sport, and the athlete's goals. Although it is recognized that regular exercise improves muscle performance and energy metabolism, unaccustomed or excessive exercise may cause cell damage and impair muscle function by triggering tissue inflammation and oxidative stress. Supplement use among athletes is widespread and recently new attention has been applied to polyphenols. Polyphenols are a class of organic chemical compounds, mainly found in plants, characterized by the presence of multiples of phenol structural units, and over recent decades, special attention has been paid to the healthy role of fruit-derived polyphenols in the human diet. This article will summarize latest knowledge on polyphenolic compounds that have been demonstrated both to exert an effect in exercise-induced muscle damage and to play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.
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Gut-Joint Axis: The Role of Physical Exercise on Gut Microbiota Modulation in Older People with Osteoarthritis.
de Sire, A, de Sire, R, Petito, V, Masi, L, Cisari, C, Gasbarrini, A, Scaldaferri, F, Invernizzi, M
Nutrients. 2020;(2)
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered one of the most common joint disorders worldwide and its prevalence is constantly increasing due to the global longevity and changes in eating habits and lifestyle. In this context, the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of OA is still unclear. Perturbation of GM biodiversity and function, defined as 'gut dysbiosis', might be involved in the development of inflammaging, one of the main risk factors of OA development. It is well known that physical exercise could play a key role in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases including OA, and it is recommended by several guidelines as a first line intervention. Several studies have shown that physical exercise could modulate GM composition, boosting intestinal mucosal immunity, increasing the Bacteroidetes-Firmicutes ratio, modifying the bile acid profile, and improving the production of short chain fatty acids. Moreover, it has been shown that low intensity exercise might reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases, confirming the hypothesis of a strict correlation between skeletal muscle and GM. However, up to date, there is still a lack of clinical trials focusing on this research field. Therefore, in this narrative, we aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art of the literature regarding the correlation between these conditions, supporting the hypothesis of a 'gut-joint axis' and highlighting the role of physical exercise combined with adequate diet and probiotic supplements in rebalancing microbial dysbiosis.
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Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and sport.
Romano, S, Salustri, E, Robles, AG, Calò, L, Penco, M, Sciarra, L
Minerva cardioangiologica. 2020;(2):98-109
Abstract
Physical activity is worldwide recommended for its benefits on cardiovascular system. There is an increasing number of people of all ages that approach sport activity both as leisure time physical activity and as competitive sport. It is always more frequent the request even from older subjects and cardiac patients to be allowed to practice physical activity. Some problems could arise when these subjects present or develop pathologic conditions that require specific pharmacological treatment, in particular an anticoagulation therapy. This review focalizes on the management of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) in patients practicing sport activity, especially due to atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis, which represent two highly prevalent conditions, particularly with increasing age. Official recommendations in this field may appear limiting for patients, forbidding in the majority of cases sports at risk of trauma and consequent bleeding. These recommendations still resent the heritage of the "traditional" management of OAT, mainly represented by vitamin-K antagonists (VKAs). The non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, with their more favorable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile compare to VKAs, may now represent an opportunity to modify the approach to sport activity in patients with an indication to OAT. This review of the literature deals with possible strategies to overcome the present limitations for OAT subjects willing to pursue a healthy lifestyle, that include sport activity, minimizing at the same time their risk of bleeding.
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The Bone Metabolic Response to Exercise and Nutrition.
Dolan, E, Varley, I, Ackerman, KE, Pereira, RMR, Elliott-Sale, KJ, Sale, C
Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2020;(2):49-58
Abstract
Bone (re)modeling markers can help determine how the bone responds to different types, intensities, and durations of exercise. They also might help predict those at risk of bone injury. We synthesized evidence on the acute and chronic bone metabolic responses to exercise, along with how nutritional factors can moderate this response. Recommendations to optimize future research efforts are made.
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Preserving Mobility in Older Adults with Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia: Opportunities, Challenges, and Recommendations for Physical Activity Interventions.
Billot, M, Calvani, R, Urtamo, A, Sánchez-Sánchez, JL, Ciccolari-Micaldi, C, Chang, M, Roller-Wirnsberger, R, Wirnsberger, G, Sinclair, A, Vaquero-Pinto, N, et al
Clinical interventions in aging. 2020;:1675-1690
Abstract
One of the most widely conserved hallmarks of aging is a decline in functional capabilities. Mobility loss is particularly burdensome due to its association with negative health outcomes, loss of independence and disability, and the heavy impact on quality of life. Recently, a new condition, physical frailty and sarcopenia, has been proposed to define a critical stage in the disabling cascade. Physical frailty and sarcopenia are characterized by weakness, slowness, and reduced muscle mass, yet with preserved ability to move independently. One of the strategies that have shown some benefits in combatting mobility loss and its consequences for older adults is physical activity. Here, we describe the opportunities and challenges for the development of physical activity interventions in people with physical frailty and sarcopenia. The aim of this article is to review age-related physio(patho)logical changes that impact mobility in old age and to provide recommendations and procedures in accordance with the available literature.
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10.
The Role of Vitamin C in Two Distinct Physiological States: Physical Activity and Sleep.
Otocka-Kmiecik, A, Król, A
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.