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Role of oxylipins generated from dietary PUFAs in the modulation of endothelial cell function.
Du, Y, Taylor, CG, Aukema, HM, Zahradka, P
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2020;:102160
Abstract
Oxylipins, which are circulating bioactive lipids generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes, have diverse effects on endothelial cells. Although studies of the effects of oxylipins on endothelial cell function are accumulating, a review that provides a comprehensive compilation of current knowledge and recent advances in the context of vascular homeostasis is lacking. This is the first compilation of the various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo reports to examine the effects and potential mechanisms of action of oxylipins on endothelial cells. The aggregate data indicate docosahexaenoic acid-derived oxylipins consistently show beneficial effects related to key endothelial cell functions, whereas oxylipins derived from other PUFAs exhibit both positive and negative effects. Furthermore, information is lacking for certain oxylipin classes, such as those derived from α-linolenic acid, which suggests additional studies are required to achieve a full understanding of how oxylipins affect endothelial cells.
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Influence of clinical characteristics on maternal DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy: A systematic review.
Wilson, NA, Mantzioris, E, Middleton, PF, Muhlhausler, BS
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2020;:102063
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omega-3 DHA is important for the prevention of preterm birth, however there is limited knowledge of the determinants of omega-3 status during pregnancy. The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesise data from existing studies assessing relationships between clinical factors and maternal DHA status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Medline, Embase, Amed, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting measures of maternal omega-3 status and one or more clinical characteristics. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included in the final analyses. Factors associated with a higher BMI (overweight, higher gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes), or lower parity were each associated with higher omega-3 status in the majority of studies, with mixed findings for other comparisons. DISCUSSION Inconsistent findings between studies make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the relationship between clinical factors and maternal omega-3 DHA status. However, maternal overweight and associated metabolic conditions may increase lipid metabolism.
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Molecular Basis of the Beneficial Actions of Resveratrol.
Repossi, G, Das, UN, Eynard, AR
Archives of medical research. 2020;(2):105-114
Abstract
Resveratrol modulates the transcription factor NF-κB, cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP1A1, expression and activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, Fas/Fas ligand mediated apoptosis, p53, mTOR and cyclins and various phospho-diesterases resulting in an increase in cytosolic cAMP levels. Cyclic AMP, in turn, activates Epac1/CaMKKβ/AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway that facilitates increased oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial respiration and their biogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Resveratrol triggers apoptosis of activated T cells and suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and other pro-inflammatory molecules and inhibits expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that may explain its anti-inflammatory actions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their anti-inflammatory metabolites lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins have a significant role in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome and cancer. We observed that PUFAs (especially arachidonic acid, AA) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) protect against the cytotoxic actions of alloxan, streptozotocin, benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and doxorubicin. Thus, there is an overlap in the beneficial actions of resveratrol, PUFAs and BDNF suggesting that these molecules may interact and augment synthesis and action of each other. This is supported by the observation that resveratrol and PUFAs modulate gut microbiota and influence stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Since resveratrol is not easily absorbed from the gut it is likely that it may act on endocannabinoid and light, odor, and taste receptors located in the gut, which, in turn, convey their messages to the various organs via vagus nerve.
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Postnatal adaptations of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in extremely preterm infants: implications for choline and PUFA metabolism.
Goss, KCW, Goss, VM, Townsend, JP, Koster, G, Clark, HW, Postle, AD
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2020;(6):1438-1447
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid metabolism in pregnancy delivers PUFAs from maternal liver to the developing fetus. The transition at birth to diets less enriched in PUFA is especially challenging for immature, extremely preterm infants who are typically supported by total parenteral nutrition. OBJECTIVE The aim was to characterize phosphatidylcholine (PC) and choline metabolism in preterm infants and demonstrate the molecular specificity of PC synthesis by the immature preterm liver in vivo. METHODS This MS-based lipidomic study quantified the postnatal adaptations to plasma PC molecular composition in 31 preterm infants <28 weeks' gestational age. Activities of the cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) and phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathways for PC synthesis were assessed from incorporations of deuterated methyl-D9-choline chloride. RESULTS The concentration of plasma PC in these infants increased postnatally from median values of 481 (IQR: 387-798) µM at enrollment to 1046 (IQR: 616-1220) µM 5 d later (P < 0.001). Direct incorporation of methyl-D9-choline demonstrated that this transition was driven by an active CDP-choline pathway that synthesized PC enriched in species containing oleic and linoleic acids. A second infusion of methyl-D9-choline chloride at day 5 clearly indicated continued activity of this pathway. Oxidation of D9-choline through D9-betaine resulted in the transfer of 1 deuterated methyl group to S-adenosylmethionine. A very low subsequent transfer of this labeled methyl group to D3-PC indicated that liver PEMT activity was essentially inactive in these infants. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the preterm infant liver soon after birth, and by extension the fetal liver, was metabolically active in lipoprotein metabolism. The low PEMT activity, which is the only pathway for endogenous choline synthesis and is responsible for hormonally regulated export of PUFAs from adult liver, strongly supports increased supplementation of preterm parenteral nutrition with both choline and PUFAs.
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Use of Non-Pharmacological Supplementations in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Critical Review.
Rosi, E, Grazioli, S, Villa, FM, Mauri, M, Gazzola, E, Pozzi, M, Molteni, M, Nobile, M
Nutrients. 2020;(6)
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents, with environmental and biological causal influences. Pharmacological medication is the first choice in ADHD treatment; recently, many studies have concentrated on dietary supplementation approaches to address nutritional deficiencies, to which part of non-responses to medications have been imputed. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacological supplementations in children or adolescents with ADHD. We reviewed 42 randomized controlled trials comprised of the following supplementation categories: polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), peptides and amino acids derivatives, single micronutrients, micronutrients mix, plant extracts and herbal supplementations, and probiotics. The reviewed studies applied heterogeneous methodologies, thus making it arduous to depict a systematic overview. No clear effect on single cognitive, affective, or behavioral domain was found for any supplementation category. Studies on PUFAs and micronutrients found symptomatology improvements. Peptides and amino acids derivatives, plant extracts, herbal supplementation, and probiotics represent innovative research fields and preliminary results may be promising. In conclusion, such findings, if confirmed through future research, should represent evidence for the efficacy of dietary supplementation as a support to standard pharmacological and psychological therapies in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Biological Role of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Desaturases in Health and Disease.
Czumaj, A, Śledziński, T
Nutrients. 2020;(2)
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered one of the most important components of cells that influence normal development and function of many organisms, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Unsaturated fatty acid desaturases play a crucial role in the synthesis of PUFAs, inserting additional unsaturated bonds into the acyl chain. The level of expression and activity of different types of desaturases determines profiles of PUFAs. It is well recognized that qualitative and quantitative changes in the PUFA profile, resulting from alterations in the expression and activity of fatty acid desaturases, are associated with many pathological conditions. Understanding of underlying mechanisms of fatty acid desaturase activity and their functional modification will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies in diseases associated with qualitative and quantitative disorders of PUFA.
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Effects of a plant-based fatty acid supplement and a powdered fruit, vegetable and berry juice concentrate on omega-3-indices and serum micronutrient concentrations in healthy subjects.
Dams, S, Holasek, S, Tsiountsioura, M, Edelsbrunner, M, Dietz, P, Koefeler, H, Malliga, DE, Gürbüz, A, Meier-Allard, N, Poncza, B, et al
International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2020;(6):769-780
Abstract
The major aim of this controlled, randomised, open-labelled, parallel-grouped, clinical trial was to investigate whether supplementation with different dosages of omega-3 fatty acids (0.5 g/d and 1 g/d) from a plant-based fatty acid supplement affected omega-3-indices (O3I) in well-nourished, healthy people. In addition, the combined ingestion of the plant-based fatty acid supplement, together with an encapsulated fruit, vegetable and berry (FVB) juice powder concentrate, was applied in order to observe the absorption of certain micronutrients and to examine some aspects related to the safe consumption of the products. The data demonstrate that the intake of only 0.5 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids from of a vegan supplement was able to increase the O3I significantly after 8 and 16 weeks. The combined ingestion with the FVB supplement concurrently increased serum concentrations of specific vitamins and carotenoids without effects on hepatic, kidney and thyroid function or changes in blood lipids.
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The Effects of an Infant Formula Enriched with Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Synbiotics on Child Behavior up to 2.5 Years Old: The COGNIS Study.
Nieto-Ruiz, A, Diéguez, E, Sepúlveda-Valbuena, N, Herrmann, F, Cerdó, T, López-Torrecillas, F, De-Castellar, R, Jiménez, J, Pérez-García, M, Miranda, MT, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Although early life nutrition influences brain development and mental health, the long-term effects of supplemented infant formula on children´s behavior remain unclear. We analyzed the effects of a bioactive nutrients-enriched-infant formula on children's behavior up to 2.5 years, compared to a standard infant formula or breastfeeding. Current analysis involved 70 children who were fed a standard infant formula (SF, n = 29) or a bioactive compounds enriched-infant formula (EF, n = 41), during their first 18 months of life, and 33 breastfed (BF) children (reference group) participating in the COGNIS study. Behavioral problems were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist at 18 months and 2.5 years. Different statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. EF children aged 2.5 years presented fewer pathological affective problems than SF children. Besides, SF children were classified more frequently as bordering on internalizing problems than BF children. Rates of externalizing problems were increased in SF infants compared to EF and BF infants. Higher maternal IQ was found to have beneficial effects on internalizing and total problem rate in their offspring at 18 months of life; finally, higher maternal educational level was related with fewer ADHD problems in children at 18 months, as well as internalizing, externalizing, total and anxiety problems in children aged 2.5 years. Our analysis suggests that enriched infant formula fed infants seem to show fewer behavioral problems up to 2.5 years compared to a standard infant formula-fed infants. In addition to type of early feeding, maternal IQ and educational level seem to play a key role on children behavioral development.
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Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.
Hanson, S, Thorpe, G, Winstanley, L, Abdelhamid, AS, Hooper, L, ,
British journal of cancer. 2020;(8):1260-1270
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes and cancer risk is unclear. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and trials registries for RCTs comparing higher with lower LCn3, ALA, omega-6 and/or total PUFA, that assessed cancers over ≥12 months. Random-effects meta-analyses, sensitivity analyses, subgrouping, risk of bias and GRADE were used. RESULTS We included 47 RCTs (108,194 participants). Increasing LCn3 has little or no effect on cancer diagnosis (RR1.02, 95% CI 0.98-1.07), cancer death (RR0.97, 95% CI 0.90-1.06) or breast cancer diagnosis (RR1.03, 95% CI 0.89-1.20); increasing ALA has little or no effect on cancer death (all high/moderate-quality evidence). Increasing LCn3 (NNTH 334, RR1.10, 95% CI 0.97-1.24) and ALA (NNTH 334, RR1.30, 95% CI 0.72-2.32) may slightly increase prostate cancer risk; increasing total PUFA may slightly increase risk of cancer diagnosis (NNTH 125, RR1.19, 95% CI 0.99-1.42) and cancer death (NNTH 500, RR1.10, 95% CI 0.48-2.49) but total PUFA doses were very high in some trials. CONCLUSIONS The most extensive systematic review to assess the effects of increasing PUFAs on cancer risk found increasing total PUFA may very slightly increase cancer risk, offset by small protective effects on cardiovascular diseases.
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[The importance of nuts in the prevention of various diseases].
Shikh, EV, Makhova, AA, Pogozheva, AV, Elizarova, EV
Voprosy pitaniia. 2020;(3):14-21
Abstract
Nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein, dietary fiber, a number of micronutrients and biologically active substances. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the role of nuts in human nutrition. Results. Large prospective cohort studies show an association between regular consumption of nuts (>= 140 g per week) and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. In randomized controlled trials, strong evidence has been obtained that consuming nuts lowers blood cholesterol and improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent epidemiological studies show that high nut consumption does not increase body weight; rather, the inclusion of nuts in the hypocaloric diet can help to control or reduce body weight and waist circumference. A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows that nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes and from chronic diseases. "Nut snack" is a good strategy to avoid weight gain and improve chemical composition of the diet. Conclusion. Adequate replacement of some foods in the diet with nuts does not cause body weight increase and helps to prevent a number of diseases.