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Beneficial effects of leptin substitution on impaired eating behavior in lipodystrophy are sustained beyond 150 weeks of treatment.
Püschel, J, Miehle, K, Müller, K, Villringer, A, Stumvoll, M, Fasshauer, M, Schlögl, H
Cytokine. 2019;:400-404
Abstract
AIM: Metreleptin treatment in lipodystrophy patients improves eating behavior with increased satiety and reduced hunger. However, no data are available whether effects are maintained beyond 52 weeks of treatment. METHODS A prospective study with measurements at baseline and at >150 weeks of metreleptin treatment was performed. Five female lipodystrophy patients with indication for metreleptin were included. Behavioral aspects of hunger- and satiety regulation were assessed by validated eating behavior questionnaires and visual analog scales assessing hunger and satiety feelings before and after a standardized meal. RESULTS Hunger rated on visual analog scales at 120 min after the meal significantly decreased from 46 ± 10 mm at baseline to 17 ± 6 mm at long-term assessment. Furthermore, satiety at 5 and 120 min after the meal significantly increased from baseline to long-term assessment (5 min: 70 ± 7 mm to 87 ± 3 mm; 120 min: 43 ± 10 mm to 79 ± 8 mm). On the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, the mean value of factor 3 (hunger) significantly decreased from 9.2 ± 0.2 at baseline to 2.6 ± 1.5 at long-term assessment. In the Inventory of Eating Behavior and Weight Problems Questionnaire, mean values for scale 2 (strength and triggering of desire to eat) and scale 7 (cognitive restraint of eating) significantly decreased from baseline (31.6 ± 4.8 and 11.4 ± 2.2, respectively) to long-term assessment (14.0 ± 2.1 and 10.0 ± 1.9). CONCLUSION First evidence is presented that long-term metreleptin treatment of >150 weeks has sustained effects on eating behavior with increased satiety, as well as reduced hunger and hunger-related measures.
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A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations.
Devonport, TJ, Nicholls, W, Fullerton, C
Journal of health psychology. 2019;(1):3-24
Abstract
A systematic review was completed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search of four electronic databases (2004-2015) yielded 60,017 articles, of which 29 met inclusion criteria. Included studies performed poorly on data quality analysis in terms of randomisation and controlling for confounding factors. Participant's body mass index scores range from 19.73 (standard deviation = 1.54) to 28.4 (standard deviation = 1.4) kg/m2. Where positive and negative affects were compared, food was more likely to be consumed in response to positive affect. With regard to discrete emotions; stress, depression and sadness consistently elicited eating behaviours that fall outside of nutritional recommendations (e.g. increased food intake or poor nutritional food choices). The role of moderators including individual differences in dietary restraint and emotional eating, as well as methodological considerations, such as means of eliciting and measuring emotions, may account for equivocality with regard to some emotion and eating associations. This article concludes with recommendations for future research and implications for practice.
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Eating-Related and Psychological Outcomes of Health at Every Size Intervention in Health and Social Services Centers Across the Province of Québec.
Bégin, C, Carbonneau, E, Gagnon-Girouard, MP, Mongeau, L, Paquette, MC, Turcotte, M, Provencher, V
American journal of health promotion : AJHP. 2019;(2):248-258
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the outcomes of a Health at Every Size (HAES) intervention in a real-world setting. DESIGN Quasi-experimental design evaluating eating behaviors and psychological factors. SETTING The HAES intervention is offered in Health and Social Services Centers in Québec (Canada). PARTICIPANTS For this study, 216 women (body mass index [BMI]: 35.76 [6.80] kg/m2) who participated to the HAES intervention were compared to 110 women (BMI: 34.56 [7.30] kg/m2) from a comparison group. INTERVENTION The HAES intervention is composed of 14 weekly meetings provided by health professionals. It focuses on healthy lifestyle, self-acceptance, and intuitive eating. MEASURES Eating behaviors (ie, flexible restraint, rigid restraint, disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger, intuitive eating, and obsessive-compulsive eating) and psychological correlates (ie, body esteem, self-esteem, and depression) were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline, postintervention, and 1-year follow-up. ANALYSIS Group, time, and interaction effects analyzed with mixed models. RESULTS Significant group by time interactions were found for flexible restraint ( P = .0400), disinhibition ( P < .0001), susceptibility to hunger ( P < .0001), intuitive eating ( P < .0001), obsessive-compulsive eating ( P < .0001), body-esteem ( P < .0001), depression ( P = .0057), and self-esteem ( P < .0001), where women in the HAES group showed greater improvements than women in the comparison group at short and/or long term. CONCLUSION The evaluation of this HAES intervention in a real-life context showed its effectiveness in improving eating-, weight-, and psychological-related variables among women struggling with weight and body image.
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The relationship between dietary restraint and deficits in reasoning about causes of obesity.
Husted, M, Seiss, E, Banks, AP
Psychology & health. 2019;(12):1504-1522
Abstract
Objective: Increased levels of dietary restraint are associated with deficits on many cognitive tasks. Less is known about how individual differences in restraint influences complex cognition such as reasoning which is the focus of this research.Design: Two experimental studies are reported. In study 1, participants (n = 158) completed a causal conditional reasoning task with statements about weight-related and general causal relationships. Study 2 replicated and extended study 1. Participants (n = 108) completed a causal conditional reasoning task focusing on behavioural causes of weight change or general statements.Main outcome measure: Causal conditional reasoning task performance.Results: In study 1, levels of dietary restraint were negatively associated with reasoning abilities for weight-related statements only. Study 2 replicated the negative association between dietary restraint and reasoning finding the effect in both weight-related, and general, causal judgements.Conclusion: The novel findings show that individual differences in dietary restraint have a wider relationship with cognition than previously demonstrated. Results tentatively support theoretical explanations of a reduction in cognitive capacity, rather than differences in belief, explaining reasoning deficits. These findings open an interesting avenue for research and might have implications for effective decision making about personal health behaviours, such as food choice.
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Intolerance of uncertainty and eating disorder behaviour: Piloting a consumption task in a non-clinical sample.
Kesby, A, Maguire, S, Vartanian, LR, Grisham, JR
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. 2019;:101492
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic process contributing to the maintenance of anxiety disorders, and is a potential target for treatment. Recent literature has investigated IU as a cognitive process underpinning pathological fear and anxiety in Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The current study was designed to examine trait and state IU, and their relationship to restrictive eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, worry, cognitive rigidity and eating behaviour. METHODS A sample of undergraduate women (N = 85) completed measures of eating disorder symptoms, IU, cognitive rigidity and worry. Participants were randomised to complete an eating task under one of two conditions: the "certain" condition received a high-calorie meal and nutritional information, while the "uncertain" condition received the meal alone. During the meal, state IU and state anxiety were examined at three time-points (baseline, pre-eating, post-eating). RESULTS Trait IU was correlated with cognitive rigidity, worry, global eating disorder symptoms, and, in particular, dietary restraint. No differences emerged between conditions with respect to eating-related anxiety, or amount of food eaten. Controlling for condition and eating disorder symptoms, state IU predicted pre-eating anxiety. Beyond the contribution of condition, BMI and eating disorder symptoms, state IU predicted consumption, specifically greater dietary restriction. LIMITATIONS The study employed a non-clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS IU may be implicated in a rigid cognitive style, the anxiety response to energy-dense food, and restrictive eating behaviour. Should these findings be replicated in a clinical sample, then IU might emerge as an adjunctive treatment target for AN.
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Problematic Eating Behaviors and Eating Disorders Associated with Bariatric Surgery.
Brode, CS, Mitchell, JE
The Psychiatric clinics of North America. 2019;(2):287-297
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Abstract
Bariatric surgery candidates often report problematic and/or eating disordered behaviors. For most patients, these eating behaviors improve after surgery. A subset, however, experience a recurrence or new onset of problematic eating behaviors as early as 2 months to 18 months after surgery, which can result in compromised weight loss/excessive weight regain. Those most at risk are individuals with comorbid psychopathology (ie, loss-of-control eating or depression) after surgery. For some, such problems are present before surgery. Therefore, it is critical to monitor patients closely after surgery so that appropriate psychiatric treatments can be provided if indicated.
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Parent Training for Feeding Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Initial Randomized Trial.
Johnson, CR, Brown, K, Hyman, SL, Brooks, MM, Aponte, C, Levato, L, Schmidt, B, Evans, V, Huo, Z, Bendixen, R, et al
Journal of pediatric psychology. 2019;(2):164-175
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have feeding and mealtime problems. To address these, we conducted a pilot randomized trial of a new 11-session, individually delivered parent training program that integrated behavioral strategies and nutritional guidance (PT-F). METHODS Forty-two young children (age: 2 to 7-11 years) with ASD and feeding problems were assigned to 11 sessions of PT-F intervention over 20 weeks or a waitlist control. Outcomes included attendance, parent satisfaction, therapist fidelity, and preliminary assessments of child and parent outcomes. RESULTS Of the 21 PT-F families, attendance was high (85%) as was parent satisfaction (94% would recommend to others). Treatment fidelity was also high (97%-therapist integrity; 94%-parent adherence). Compared with waitlist, children whose parents participated in PT-F showed significantly greater reductions on the two parent-completed primary outcomes (Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory-Revised; Twald = -2.79; p = .003; About Your Child's Eating; Twald = -3.58; p = .001). On the independent evaluator-completed secondary eating outcome, the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, 48.8% of the participants in PT-F were rated as "responders" compared with 0% in waitlist (p = .006). General child disruptive behavior outcomes decreased more in PT-F but not significantly. Parent outcomes of caregiver stress showed nonsignificant trends favoring PT-F with moderate to small effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS This trial provides evidence for feasibility, satisfaction, and fidelity of implementation of PT-F for feeding problems in young children with ASD. Feeding outcomes also appeared favorable and lends support for conducting a larger efficacy trial.
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The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Russell, SJ, Croker, H, Viner, RM
Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2019;(4):554-568
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Evidence indicates that screen advertising for unhealthy food results in significant increases in dietary intake among children. This review was undertaken with the main aim of estimating the quantitative effect of screen advertising in experimental and nonexperimental conditions on children's dietary intake. Systematic searches were undertaken of interdisciplinary databases. Studies from 1980 to April 2018, all geography and languages, were included; participants were children and adolescents aged between 2 and 18 years; the intervention was screen advertising; and the outcome was dietary intake. Meta-analyses were conducted for measured and nonmeasured outcomes. Food advertising was found to increase dietary intake among children (age range 2-14, mean 8.8 years) in experimental conditions for television (TV) advertising and advergames. Meta-analysis revealed that children exposed to food advertising on TV (11 studies) and advergames (five studies) respectively consumed an average 60.0 kcal (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-116.9) and 53.2 kcal (95% CI, 31.5-74.9) more than children exposed to nonfood advertising. There was also an effect by body mass index (BMI). Findings from nonexperimental studies revealed that exposure to TV food advertising was positively associated with and predictive of dietary intake in children. Short-term exposure to unhealthy food advertising on TV and advergames increases immediate calorie consumption in children.
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Evaluation of Key Factors Impacting Feeding Safety in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review.
Matus, BA, Bridges, KM, Logomarsino, JV
Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. 2019;(1):11-20
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individualized feeding care plans and safe handling of milk (human or formula) are critical in promoting growth, immune function, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant. Feeding errors and disruptions or limitations to feeding processes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are associated with negative safety events. Feeding errors include contamination of milk and delivery of incorrect or expired milk and may result in adverse gastrointestinal illnesses. PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect(s) of centralized milk preparation, use of trained technicians, use of bar code-scanning software, and collaboration between registered dietitians and registered nurses on feeding safety in the NICU. METHODS/SEARCH STRATEGY A systematic review of the literature was completed, and 12 articles were selected as relevant to search criteria. Study quality was evaluated using the Downs and Black scoring tool. FINDINGS/RESULTS An evaluation of human studies indicated that the use of centralized milk preparation, trained technicians, bar code-scanning software, and possible registered dietitian involvement decreased feeding-associated error in the NICU. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE A state-of-the-art NICU includes a centralized milk preparation area staffed by trained technicians, care supported by bar code-scanning software, and utilization of a registered dietitian to improve patient safety. These resources will provide nurses more time to focus on nursing-specific neonatal care. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of factors related to feeding safety in the NICU as well as potential financial benefits of these quality improvement opportunities.
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Examining Childhood Obesity From Infancy: The Relationship Between Tummy Time, Infant BMI-z, Weight Gain, and Motor Development-An Exploratory Study.
Koren, A, Kahn-D'angelo, L, Reece, SM, Gore, R
Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2019;(1):80-91
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This exploratory study investigated the infant time spent in tummy time (TT) in relation to body mass index z score (BMI-z), weight gain, and motor development in infants from birth to 4 months. METHOD Mothers and their infants were telephone surveyed at 2 and 4 months. Mother demographics; TT; feeding practices; and infant length, and height, and development were collected each time. RESULTS Results from Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel and single logistic regression showed a significant association between development, level of BMI-z, and time spent in TT at 2 months of age (p < .0001). The threshold model showed there was a decline in BMI-z at 4 months as daily time in TT increases past the threshold value of approximately 12 minutes per day. Mother education and TT at 2 months were significant predictors of BMI-z at 4 months. DISCUSSION Study outcomes suggest that infant positioning and time in TT promote infant motor development and may moderate rapid infant weight gain.