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1.
Chrysin: Pharmacological and therapeutic properties.
Naz, S, Imran, M, Rauf, A, Orhan, IE, Shariati, MA, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, , IqraYasmin, , Shahbaz, M, Qaisrani, TB, Shah, ZA, et al
Life sciences. 2019;:116797
Abstract
Chrysin is a promising phytochemical that is categorized under the class of flavonoids based on its chemical structure. Naturally, it is widely present in propolis, honey, passion fruit, and even in mushrooms and other plant sources, whereas its synthetic counterparts are also being employed for pharmacological purposes. It has widely been employed in treatment of various degenerative disorders and provides cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory functions. Its antioxidant and disease preventing abilities are attributed to its structural diversity arising in ring-A and absence of oxygenation in B and C ring. In this review, the scientific studies are being reported emphasizing benefits and its allied health claims on chrysin in numerous metabolic malfunctions.
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2.
Bioactive food compounds, epigenetics and chronic disease prevention: Focus on early-life interventions with polyphenols.
Silva, LBAR, Pinheiro-Castro, N, Novaes, GM, Pascoal, GFL, Ong, TP
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2019;:108646
Abstract
Consumption of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, isothiocyanates, sulfur-containing compounds and terpenoids, found in fruits and vegetables, is associated with prevention of chronic disease. These bioactive food compounds elicit their protective effects through complex mechanisms at the cellular and molecular, including epigenetic levels. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, in utero exposure to stressors such as malnutrition through maternal diet would impair fetal development and epigenetically program increased risk of metabolic diseases and some cancers in adult life. In addition, a role for fathers´ diet during preconception on their offspring health and chronic disease susceptibility has also emerged. This highlights early life as a promising window of opportunity for starting dietary interventions focusing on preventing chronic diseases. However, knowledge on the potential beneficial impact of early life exposure to bioactive food compounds is limited. Among the studies that have investigated bioactive food compounds in the context of DOHaD, most have focused on the impact of dietary polyphenols. Thus, in this review we discuss experimental evidence supporting a role for the dietary polyphenols resveratrol, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and anthocyanins in chronic disease prevention considering a perspective from early-life interventions through maternal and paternal diets and focusing on epigenetics as a potential underlying mechanism.
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3.
In vitro and in vivo inhibition of maillard reaction products using amino acids, modified proteins, vitamins, and genistein: A review.
Mazumder, MAR, Hongsprabhas, P, Thottiam Vasudevan, R
Journal of food biochemistry. 2019;(12):e13089
Abstract
Maillard reaction is known to result in loss of nutrients, particularly that of essential amino acids; decrease in digestibility and safety issues due to the development of toxic compounds. Maillard reaction products are also known to cause oxidation of tissues and inflammation, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The aim of this review is to present a detailed information about the role of foodborne constituents as antibrowning agents to significantly reduce the harmful compounds like advanced glycation end products (AGEs) during food processing. This review includes strategies involving addition of amino acids, aromatic compounds, vitamins, modification of amino acids, and reducing sugars as antibrowning agents to reduce the AGEs. The role of Food borne functional ingredients such as catechin, epicathechin, luteolin, and ferulic acids as inhibitors of AGEs is also discussed. Among the naturally occurring inhibitors, genistein could be a crucial and safe agent to reduce reactive intermediates. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Maillard reaction leads to changes in food color, protein functionality, protein digestibility, and loss of nutrient from foods. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) is also reported to be associated with various inflammatory conditions and may contribute to the progress of chronic diseases, including diabetes. It is hence necessary to reduce the MRPs, in both food and biological products, to offset this phenomenon. Among the strategies adopted till date, chemical agents could inhibit reactive carbonyl species and reactive oxygen species, but also are known to elicit serious side effects. Dietary flavonoids could be a very good inhibitor of MRPs both in biological and in food systems. It could be suggested that dietary flavonoids and isoflavones can be used as antibrowning agents in food and pharmaceutical industries particularly for targeted and sustained release of hypoglycemic drug in the intestines.
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4.
Flavonoid subclasses and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Guo, XF, Ruan, Y, Li, ZH, Li, D
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;(17):2850-2862
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested controversial associations between flavonoid subclasses and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantitatively estimate these associations with prospective cohort study. A systematic literature search in PubMed and Scopus databases was performed up to May 2018. Multivariate-adjust relative risks (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest versus the lowest category were pooled by using a random-effects model. Using restricted cubic spline regression model, non-linear dose-response analysis was estimated. Nine independent prospective cohort studies with 172,058 participants and 16910 events were included. Dietary intakes of flavanols, flavonols, flavan-3-ols and isoflavones were inversely associated with T2DM risk, and the summary RRs were 0.86 (95%CI: 0.77, 0.97), 0.91 (95%CI: 0.85, 0.98), 0.90 (95%: 0.82, 0.99) and 0.91 (95%CI: 0.84, 0.98), respectively. Dose-response analysis showed that 135 mg/day increment of flavanols (95%CI: 0.92, 0.96; P for trend <0.001), 50 mg/day increment of flavonols (95%CI: 0.88, 0.99, P for trend = 0.021), 68 mg/day increment of flavan-3-ols (95%CI: 0.92, 0.96, P for trend <0.001), or 1.8 mg/day increment of isoflavones (95%CI: 0.92, 0.97, P for trend <0.001) were associated with 6% reduction in T2DM risk. Non-significant association was observed with respect to flavanones and flavones. The present meta-analysis provides substantial evidence that dietary intakes of flavanols, flavonols, flavan-3-ols and isoflavones were inversely associated with T2DM risk, respectively. Higher dietary intakes of flavanol-, flavonol-, flavan-3-ol- and isoflavone-foods would have beneficial effects for protection against T2DM.
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5.
Antidotal or protective effects of honey and one of its major polyphenols, chrysin, against natural and chemical toxicities.
Samarghandian, S, Azimi-Nezhad, M, Pourbagher Shahri, AM, Farkhondeh, T
Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis. 2019;(4):533-550
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Honey and its polyphenolic compounds are of main natural antioxidants that have been used in traditional medicine. The aim of this review was to identify the protective effects of honey and chrysin (a polyphenol available in honey) against the chemical and natural toxic agents. METHOD The scientific databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies on the antidotal effects of honey and chrysin against toxic agents. RESULTS This study found that honey had protective activity against toxic agents-induced organ damages by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. However, clinical trial studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of honey and chrysin as antidote agents in human intoxication. CONCLUSION Honey and chrysin may be effective against toxic agents. (www.actabiomedica.it).
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6.
Grape berry flavonoids: a review of their biochemical responses to high and extreme high temperatures.
Gouot, JC, Smith, JP, Holzapfel, BP, Walker, AR, Barril, C
Journal of experimental botany. 2019;(2):397-423
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict an increase in average temperatures and in the frequency, intensity, and length of extreme temperature events in many wine regions around the world. In already warm and hot regions, such changes may compromise grape growing and the production of high quality wine as high temperature has been found to affect berry composition critically. Most recent studies focusing on the sole effect of temperature, separated from light and water, on grape berry composition found that high temperature affects a wide range of metabolites, and in particular flavonoids-key compounds for berry and wine quality. A decrease in total anthocyanins is reported in most cases, and appears to be directly associated with high temperature. Changes in anthocyanin composition, and flavonol and proanthocyanidin responses are however less consistent, and reflect the complexity of the underlying biosynthetic pathways and diversity of experimental treatments that have been used in these studies. This review examines the impact of high temperature on the biosynthesis, accumulation, and degradation of flavonoids, and attempts to reconcile the diversity of responses in relation to the latest understanding of flavonoid chemistry and molecular regulation.
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7.
Flavonoids in the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Airoldi, C, La Ferla, B, D Orazio, G, Ciaramelli, C, Palmioli, A
Current medicinal chemistry. 2018;(27):3228-3246
Abstract
Flavonoids are phytochemicals present in almost all terrestrial plants and, as a consequence, in plant-based foods, and thus consumed by humans through diet. Recent evidences suggest that several flavonoids have positive effects against dementia and Alzheimer's disease, reversing age-related declines in neurocognitive performances. In this review, we provide a general classification of natural and synthetic flavonoids, a description of their physico-chemical properties, in particular their redox properties and stability, and an extensive overview about their biological activities and structure-activity relationship in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, a section will be dedicated to the synthetic strategies for the preparation of bioactive derivatives. This information will be essential for the design and development of new drugs that can improve brain functions.
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8.
[Flavonoids in the treatment of hypertension in geriatric patients].
Gutiérrez-Venegas, G
Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. 2018;(Suppl 1):S94-S101
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geriatric patients belong to a group over 65 years old. In general these patients present multiple chronic diseases and impairments with disability, body mass diminished and generalized fatigue. On the other hand, a high percentage of these patients have cardiovascular diseases. For this reason, several studies suggest that associated with drugs treatment consumption of natural products such as flavonoids, contribute to improve the quality of life of geriatric patients. The aim of this work is to review in literature the effect of flavonoids in vascular protection of older adults. RESULTS Literature review indicates that the intake of flavonoids significantly reduces the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Likewise, its consumption is associated with an improvement in endothelial function, since they act regulating different kinases like protein kinase B, nitric oxide synthase and the consequent synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which leads to improve vasodilation. Finally, flavonoids also act to regulate the functioning of other kinases, phophodiesterases, ion channels diminishing vascular inflammation. CONCLUSION Foods enriched in polyphenols improve endothelial function by promoting vascular dilation and lowering blood pressure.
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9.
MYBs Drive Novel Consumer Traits in Fruits and Vegetables.
Allan, AC, Espley, RV
Trends in plant science. 2018;(8):693-705
Abstract
Eating plant-derived compounds can lead to a longer and healthier life and also benefits the environment. Innovation in the fresh food sector, as well as new cultivars, can improve consumption of fruit and vegetables, with MYB transcription factors being a target to drive this novelty. Plant MYB transcription factors are implicated in diverse roles including development, hormone signalling, and metabolite biosynthesis. The reds and blues of fruit and vegetables provided by anthocyanins, phlobaphenes, and betalains are controlled by specific R2R3 MYBs. New studies are now revealing that MYBs also control carotenoid biosynthesis and other quality traits, such as flavour and texture. Future breeding techniques may manipulate or create alleles of key MYB transcription factors.
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10.
Dietary intakes of flavan-3-ols and cardiovascular health: a field synopsis using evidence mapping of randomized trials and prospective cohort studies.
Raman, G, Shams-White, M, Avendano, EE, Chen, F, Novotny, JA, Cassidy, A
Systematic reviews. 2018;(1):100
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable interest in the impact of increased flavan-3-ol intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes outcomes. Through evidence mapping, we determined the extent of the evidence base to initiate a future systematic review investigating the impact of flavan-3-ol intake on CVD and diabetes outcomes. METHODS We developed a research protocol, convened a technical expert panel (TEP) to refine the specific research questions, conducted a systematic search in multiple databases, double-screened abstracts and full-text articles, performed data extractions, and synthesized the data. We focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies which assessed intakes of flavan-3-ol from foods, beverages, and supplement/extract sources on biomarkers and clinical outcomes of CVD and diabetes. RESULTS Of 257 eligible articles, 223 and 34 publications contributed to 226 RCTs and 39 prospective cohort studies, respectively. In RCTs, the most frequently studied interventions were cocoa-based products (23.2%); berries (16.1%); tea in the form of green tea (13.9%), black tea (7.2%), or unspecified tea (3.6%); and red wine (11.2%). Mean total flavan-3-ol intake was highest in the cocoa-based trials (618.7 mg/day) and lowest in the interventions feeding red wine (123.7 mg/day). The most frequently reported outcomes were intermediate biomarkers including serum lipid levels (63.4%), blood glucose (50.9%), blood pressure (50.8%), flow-mediated dilation (21.9%), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (21.9%). The included 34 prospective cohort studies predominantly examined exposures to flavan-3-ols (26%), cocoa-based products (23.2%), berries (16.1%), and green tea (13.9%) and CVD incidence and mortality. CONCLUSION Through a systematic, evidence-based approach, evidence mapping on flavan-3-ol intake and CVD outcomes demonstrated sufficient data relating to flavan-3ol intake and biomarkers and clinical outcomes of CVD and diabetes. The current evidence base highlights the distribution of available data which both support the development of a future systematic review and identified the research need for future long-term RCTs. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION At present, evidence mapping is not eligible for registration on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (i.e., PROSPERO).