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Detection of quinoa flour adulteration by means of FT-MIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods.
Rodríguez, SD, Rolandelli, G, Buera, MP
Food chemistry. 2019;:392-401
Abstract
Quinoa flour has been receiving an increasing attention as a substitute for wheat flour in bread formulations due to immuno-nutritional features. This growing interest in quinoa has increased the demand and consequently the prices, being a target for possible adulterations with cheaper cereals. Fourier transform Mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) was used in the present work as a fingerprinting technique to detect the presence of three adulterants (soybean, maize and wheat flours). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) models were used to classify pure from adulterated samples. 414 samples were measured, including pure quinoa flour, pure adulterant flours and adulterated quinoa flours using three different proportions (10, 5 and 1% w/w). PLS-DA showed better classification results than SIMCA, with error rates from 2 to 8% for the three strategies used to detect the presence of adulterants.
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2.
Variations in cadmium accumulation and distribution among different oilseed rape cultivars in Chengdu Plain in China.
Wang, X, Bai, J, Wang, J, Le, S, Wang, M, Zhao, Y
Environmental science and pollution research international. 2019;(4):3415-3427
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread toxic heavy metal trace pollutant worldwide. The ability of Cd absorption and accumulation highly varies among different species and varieties. In order to screen oilseed rape cultivars which are appropriate for cultivation and application in Cd-contaminated soils, we conducted the field trial of 32 oilseed rape varieties in Shifang County of Chengdu Plain. The various biomass, Cd accumulation, and distribution patterns were investigated via determining the Cd concentration in different plant tissues. Moreover, the food safety risks of rapeseeds were finally assessed. The results indicated diverse responses to Cd stress appeared in various tested varieties, including plant biomass, seed yield, Cd concentration, and proportion in different tissues. And most Cd were concentrated in non-edible parts. Through cluster analysis, we found that Nanchongjie, Pengzhoubai, and J-25 belong to high-biomass and high-Cd-accumulated groups in experimental cultivars, which indicated that they could possess more biomass and gather higher Cd content in overground part, so they could be great materials for phytoremediation in Cd-polluted area. Besides, combined with the risk assessment of food safety in rapeseeds, cultivars 72A and 47 with the traits of high yield, low-Cd concentration, and low food safety risk can be considered as suitable materials to widely plant as cash crop. These results provide valuable reference for practical planting and application of oilseed rape in Cd-polluted areas.
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3.
Magnetic cellulose nanoparticles as sorbents for stir bar-sorptive dispersive microextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls in juice samples.
Abujaber, F, Guzmán Bernardo, FJ, Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios, RC
Talanta. 2019;:266-270
Abstract
Magnetic cellulose nanoparticles (MCNPs) were used for the first time as sorbents for stir bar-sorptive dispersive microextraction (SBSDME). The main experimental parameters involved in the SBSDME process that affect extraction (i.e. amount of MCNPs, ionic strength, pH, extraction and back-extraction time) were investigated. The method was applied to the determination of nine polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fruit juice samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was obtained in a concentration range of 10-1000 ng mL-1 with determination coefficients over 0.9945. Limits of detection and quantification for all target PCBs were in the range 2.1-54 ng L-1 and 7.0-180 ng L-1, respectively. Intra-day precision ranged from 1.7% to 8.8% and inter-day precision from 3.4% to 9.3% RSD. The enrichment factors of the analytes were from 74.6 to 98.2. The MCNPs can be reused up to 5 times. The method was applied to commercial orange and pineapple juices (n = 5), where concentrations were below the limits of detection. Recoveries from 70.4 to 108.0% were obtained by applying the method for the analysis of spiked fruit juice samples at 1 and 2 ng mL-1 concentration levels. The use of cellulose makes this approach environmentally friendly and the magnetism of the resulting sorbent in conjunction with SBSDME provides ease of handling and saving of time.
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4.
Occurrence of Bisphenol A and its analogues in some foodstuff marketed in Europe.
Russo, G, Barbato, F, Mita, DG, Grumetto, L
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2019;:110575
Abstract
Bisphenol A and its analogues belong to the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals, massively employed by industries to produce polycarbonate and epoxy resins, designed to be in direct contact with foodstuffs. Their leaching from the canned packaging into its content results in food contamination. This review aims at offering a country-specific overview of the occurrence of bisphenols in six main categories of foodstuff marketed in the EU, based on monitoring studies performed in the 27 EU countries for which data are available and prevalently published in the last five years. The general overview of the literature data shows that concentration values of BPs detected into foodstuff is lower in Northern Europe than Southern Europe. A probable daily intake was hypothesized for some countries to provide an EU population exposure assessment. The consumption of canned meat and vegetables is responsible of PDI values higher than those of other food categories. These data emphasize that food and beverage monitoring should deserve greater attention especially by European countries for which no studies are available and especially with regards to bisphenols other than BPA whose limits are not set by the European regulations and whose toxicity has not been fully established.
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5.
Factors controlling the fate of pyrethroids residues during post-harvest processing of raw agricultural crops: An overview.
Albaseer, SS
Food chemistry. 2019;:58-63
Abstract
Control of residual levels of synthetic pyrethroids in fresh fruits and vegetables as well as in foodstuff made of fresh agricultural produces is of utmost importance. Apart from the need to more control on application of pesticides by farmers, simple and effective postharvest practices by consumers and/or manufacturers usually applied to produces before consumption may enhance food safety from potentially harmful pesticide residues. The present review discusses the underline factors that control the effectiveness of crops postharvest treatments and the possible mechanisms of loss of pesticides during food processing. It is shown that the effectiveness of postharvest processes is controlled by various factors and that understanding such factors is essential for more control of residual pesticides. Though postharvest processes may lead to substantial reduction of residual pesticides, metabolites of broken pesticides are of great concern.
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6.
Chemical Forms and Health Risk of Cadmium in Water Spinach Grown in Contaminated Soil with an Increased Level of Phosphorus.
Lam, CM, Chen, KS, Lai, HY
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;(18)
Abstract
(1) Background: Even in croplands with a low concentration of cadmium (Cd), there is still a risk for planting crops because of the high accumulation capacity of some leafy vegetables. (2) Methods: In this study, water spinach was planted in four main soil series (Wa, Eh, Tk, and Yu) in central Taiwan, which were spiked with Cd. The soil available phosphorous content was increased to 10-17 mg/kg, and the accumulation and developed chemical forms of Cd were analyzed. (3) Results: The experimental results showed that addition of phosphorous to Wa and Eh promoted the growth of water spinach. Accumulation and upward translocation of Cd were also increased in the phosphorus treatment compared with the control. The addition of phosphorus increased the percentage of Cd compartmentalized in undissolved Cd phosphate, which revealed that the mobility and toxicity of Cd were reduced in the phosphorus treatment. However, most of the water spinach was not edible because the vegetable-induced hazard quotient, which was calculated using three methods, showed hazardous potential in general.
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7.
Critical Assessment of Streptomyces spp. Able to Control Toxigenic Fusaria in Cereals: A Literature and Patent Review.
Colombo, EM, Kunova, A, Cortesi, P, Saracchi, M, Pasquali, M
International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;(24)
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species on cereals represent a major concern for food safety worldwide. Fusarium toxins that are currently under regulation for their content in food include trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Biological control of Fusarium spp. has been widely explored with the aim of limiting disease occurrence, but few efforts have focused so far on limiting toxin accumulation in grains. The bacterial genus Streptomyces is responsible for the production of numerous drug molecules and represents a huge resource for the discovery of new molecules. Streptomyces spp. are also efficient plant colonizers and able to employ different mechanisms of control against toxigenic fungi on cereals. This review describes the outcomes of research using Streptomyces strains and/or their derived molecules to limit toxin production and/or contamination of Fusarium species in cereals. Both the scientific and patent literature were analyzed, starting from the year 2000, and we highlight promising results as well as the current pitfalls and limitations of this approach.
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8.
Diagnostic detection systems and QuEChERS methods for multiclass pesticide analyses in different types of fruits: An overview from the last decade.
Alcântara, DB, Fernandes, TSM, Nascimento, HO, Lopes, AF, Menezes, MGG, Lima, ACA, Carvalho, TV, Grinberg, P, Milhome, MAL, Oliveira, AHB, et al
Food chemistry. 2019;:124958
Abstract
This manuscript is a bibliographic review about analyses of different classes of pesticide in fruits using QuEChERS as sample preparation methodology. The aim is to clarify different trends and facilitate decision-making by the scientific community in order to carry out further studies in this field. It is well known that different countries have different pesticides regulations for maximum level of pesticide residue permitted. The comparative analysis amongst the main producer countries reveals that for some fruits they are not studied enough. Recent improvements to QuEChERS make it possible to minimize the pesticides instability due the matrix pH, and achieving cleaner extracts. Regarding the detection systems, the tandem MS are preferred once they have high sensitivity and selectivity, although traditional techniques (GC-ECD and HPLC-DAD) are still commonly used due to their accessibility and good sensitivity to some pesticides. Also, studies involving metabolites usually show that they are more toxic than their precursor compounds.
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9.
Rice Intake and Emerging Concerns on Arsenic in Rice: a Review of the Human Evidence and Methodologic Challenges.
Karagas, MR, Punshon, T, Davis, M, Bulka, CM, Slaughter, F, Karalis, D, Argos, M, Ahsan, H
Current environmental health reports. 2019;(4):361-372
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rice is a major staple food worldwide and a dietary source of arsenic. We therefore summarized the state of the epidemiologic evidence on whether rice consumption relates to health outcomes associated with arsenic exposure. RECENT FINDINGS While epidemiologic studies have reported that higher rice consumption may increase the risk of certain chronic conditions, i.e., type 2 diabetes, most did not consider specific constituents of rice or other sources of arsenic exposure. Studies that examined rice intake stratified by water concentrations of arsenic found evidence of increasing trends in cardiovascular disease risk, skin lesions, and squamous cell skin cancers and bladder cancer associated with higher rice consumption. Further studies are needed to understand the health impacts of arsenic exposure from rice consumption taking into account all sources of rice intake and potential confounding by other dietary constituents or contaminants and arsenic exposure from sources such as water.
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10.
Mycotoxins during the Processes of Nixtamalization and Tortilla Production.
Schaarschmidt, S, Fauhl-Hassek, C
Toxins. 2019;(4)
Abstract
Tortillas are a traditional staple food in Mesoamerican cuisine, which have also become popular on a global level, e.g., for wraps or as snacks (tortilla chips). Traditional tortilla production includes alkaline cooking (nixtamalization) of maize kernels. This article summarizes the current knowledge on mycotoxin changes during the nixtamalization of maize and tortilla production. Upon nixtamalization, mycotoxins can be affected in different ways. On the one hand, the toxins can be physically removed during steeping and washing. On the other hand, mycotoxins might be degraded, modified, or released/bound in the matrix by high pH and/or high temperature. This also applies to the subsequent baking of tortillas. Many studies have shown reduced mycotoxin levels in alkali-cooked maize and in tortillas. Most of the available data relate to aflatoxins and fumonisins. The reduction (and detoxification) of aflatoxins during nixtamalization might, however, be partially reversed in acidic conditions. The loss of fumonisin concentrations is to some extent accompanied by hydrolyzation and by lower toxicity. However, some studies have indicated the potential formation of toxicologically relevant modified forms and matrix-associated fumonisins. More data are required to assess the influence of alkaline cooking regarding such modified forms, as well as mycotoxins other than aflatoxins/fumonisins.