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Streptococcus thermophilus: To Survive, or Not to Survive the Gastrointestinal Tract, That Is the Question!
Martinović, A, Cocuzzi, R, Arioli, S, Mora, D
Nutrients. 2020;(8)
Abstract
The probiotic market is increasing world-wide as well as the number of products marketed as probiotics. Among the latter, many products contain Streptococcus thermophilus strains at several dosages. However, the scientific evidence that should support the probiotic status of those S. thermophilus strains is often contradictory. This review analyses the scientific literature aimed to assess the ability of S. thermophilus strains to survive the human gastrointestinal tract by discussing the scientific validity of the methods applied for the bacterial recovery and identification from stool samples. This review highlights that in most of the intervention studies reviewed, the identification of S. thermophilus strains from stools was not carried out with the necessary taxonomic accuracy to avoid their misidentification with Streptococcus salivarius, a common human commensal and a species phylogenetically close to S. thermophilus. Moreover, this review highlights how critical the accurate taxonomic identification of S. thermophilus in metagenomics-based studies can be.
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2.
Perinatal factors affecting the gut microbiota - are they preventable?
Zietek, M, Szczuko, M, Celewicz, Z, Kordek, A
Ginekologia polska. 2020;(11):709-713
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota affects many aspects of physiological processes. The type of microbiota in the early stages of life is a critical element conditioning the development of the immune response and food tolerance. Disturbed colonization of the digestive tract resulting from the amount or diversity of bacteria colonies stimulates an inflammatory response that is associated in later life with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. One of the elements disturbing normal colonization in the perinatal period is the operative way of delivery by caesarean section and the administration of antibiotics, used as a prophylactic measure as well as for therapeutic reasons. Based on the current state of knowledge, there is a lot of evidence demonstrating the long-term adverse effects of these modifying agents for gut microbiota, which should be kept to a minimum as far as possible.
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3.
Gastro-intestinal in vitro digestions of protein emulsions monitored by pH-stat: Influence of structural properties and interplay between proteolysis and lipolysis.
Mat, DJL, Souchon, I, Michon, C, Le Feunteun, S
Food chemistry. 2020;:125946
Abstract
This study describes an experimental design, based on pH-stat, to rapidly screen and assess food formulation effects on the degrees of hydrolysis (DH) of both proteins and lipids throughout in vitro gastro-intestinal digestions. This approach was used to quantitatively compare and hierarchize key structure parameters of protein emulsions. Six matrices (15 wt% whey proteins, 0 or 10 wt% oil), each differing by at least one structure characteristic, were studied. The physical state of the bulk and the oil droplet size were the major structural levers to modulate the hydrolysis of proteins (final DH between 51.7 and 58.3%) and lipids (final DH between 46.9 and 72.7%), with non-trivial interplays between proteolysis and lipolysis. Additionally, pH-stat measurements in presence of a pancreatic lipase inhibitor proved to be an efficient way to widen the scope of the proposed experimental approach to foods that are intrinsically made of both proteins and lipids.
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4.
Food lipid oxidation under gastrointestinal digestion conditions: A review.
Nieva-Echevarría, B, Goicoechea, E, Guillén, MD
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2020;(3):461-478
Abstract
Unravelling the relationship between food and health requires a more in-depth knowledge of the various changes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion and which may ultimately affect the nutritional quality and safety of ingested food lipids before absorption into the bloodstream. In this context, this review deals with the oxidation process of food lipids under digestive conditions and the studies carried out on this topic using different digestion models: in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo, static or dynamic, and including one, two and/or three digestive phases (oral, gastric and duodenal). These studies have contributed to clarifying the occurrence and extent of lipid degradation under such a particular environment, many of them also highlighting the factors affecting the advance or delay of the oxidation of dietary lipids during digestion, like: food lipid content, unsaturation degree and initial oxidative status; the presence in the food bolus of compounds showing antioxidant activity (polyphenols, tocopherols…) either added or naturally present; the presence in the food bolus of proteins (including iron or not); food technological or culinary processings (salting, smoking, cooking…), among others. Likewise, the methodologies employed to study lipid oxidation under digestive conditions are also summarized and future research perspectives are discussed.
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5.
Drinking Refined Deep-Sea Water Improves the Gut Ecosystem with Beneficial Effects on Intestinal Health in Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.
Takeuchi, H, Higuchi, K, Yoshikane, Y, Takagi, R, Tokuhiro, S, Takenaka, K, Oboshi, W, Kimura, A, Islam, JM, Kaneko, A, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
World health trends are focusing on a balanced food and beverage intake for healthy life. Refined deep-sea water (RDSW), obtained from deep-sea water collected offshore in Muroto (Japan), is mineral-rich drinking water. We previously reported that drinking RDSW improves human gut health. Here, we analyzed the effect of drinking RDSW on the gut ecosystem to understand this effect. This was a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Ninety-eight healthy adults were divided into two groups: RDSW or mineral water (control). The participants consumed 1 L of either water type daily for 12 weeks. A self-administered questionnaire and stool and urine samples were collected through the intervention. The following were determined: fecal biomarkers of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), five putrefactive products, and nine short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs) as the primary outcomes; and three urinary isoflavones and the questionnaire as secondary outcomes. In post-intervention in the RDSW group, we found increased concentrations of five SCFAs and decreased concentrations of phenol and sIgA (p < 0.05). The multiple logistic analysis demonstrated that RDSW significantly affected two biomarkers (acetic and 3-methylbutanoic acids) of the five SCFAs mentioned above (p < 0.05). Similarly, the concentrations of urinary isoflavones tended to increase in post-intervention in the RDSW group. Constipation was significantly alleviated in the RDSW group (94%) compared with the control group (60%). Drinking RDSW improves the intestinal environment, increasing fecal SCFAs and urinary isoflavones, which leads to broad beneficial effects in human.
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6.
The use of impedance planimetry (Endoscopic Functional Lumen Imaging Probe, EndoFLIP® ) in the gastrointestinal tract: A systematic review.
Desprez, C, Roman, S, Leroi, AM, Gourcerol, G
Neurogastroenterology and motility. 2020;(9):e13980
Abstract
The EndoFLIP® system is a method of delineating impedance and was first designed to investigate the characteristics of the esophago-gastric junction. In the last decade, its use was widened to investigate other sphincteric and non-sphincteric systems of the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the present systematic review was to summarize the available data in literature on the use of the EndoFLIP® system in the gastrointestinal tract, including sphincteric and non-sphincteric regions. We performed a systematic review in accordance with recommendations for systematic review using PRISMA guidelines without date restriction, until June 2020, using MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Only articles written in English were included in the present review. Five hundred and six unique citations were identified from all database combined. Of those, 95 met the inclusion criteria. There was a lack of standardization among studies in terms of anesthetic drugs use, probe placement, and inflation protocol. In most cases, only small cohorts of patients were included. Most studies investigated the EGJ, with a potential use of the EndoFLIP® to identify a subgroup of patients with achalasia and for intraoperative assessment of treatment efficacy in achalasia. However, the use of EndoFLIP® in the esophageal body (esophageal panometry), other esophageal diseases (gastro-esophageal reflux disease, eosinophilic esophagitis), and other sphincter regions (anal canal, pylorus) will need further confirmatory studies. The EndoFLIP® system provides detailed geometric data of the gastrointestinal lumen but further works are needed to determine its use in clinical practice.
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7.
Mechanisms Underlying the Skin-Gut Cross Talk in the Development of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.
van Splunter, M, Liu, L, van Neerven, RJJ, Wichers, HJ, Hettinga, KA, de Jong, NW
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Immune-globulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is characterized by a variety of clinical entities within the gastrointestinal tract, skin and lungs, and systemically as anaphylaxis. The default response to food antigens, which is antigen specific immune tolerance, requires exposure to the antigen and is already initiated during pregnancy. After birth, tolerance is mostly acquired in the gut after oral ingestion of dietary proteins, whilst exposure to these same proteins via the skin, especially when it is inflamed and has a disrupted barrier, can lead to allergic sensitization. The crosstalk between the skin and the gut, which is involved in the induction of food allergy, is still incompletely understood. In this review, we will focus on mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization (to food antigens) via the skin, leading to gastrointestinal inflammation, and the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Better understanding of these processes will eventually help to develop new preventive and therapeutic strategies in children.
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8.
Therapeutic and Nutritional Effects of Synbiotic Yogurts in Children and Adults: a Clinical Review.
Mofid, V, Izadi, A, Mojtahedi, SY, Khedmat, L
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins. 2020;(3):851-859
Abstract
Synbiotic yogurts (SYs) are potential natural cures with improved health outcomes and prevention and control of chronic diseases through the synergistic action of probiotic bacteria and prebiotic compounds. Recent clinical achievements in consuming SYs in healthy and patient pediatric and adult populations were critically reviewed. Some forthcoming challenges and interesting solutions to increase healthy nutritional effects of these dairy products have also been addressed. The use of SY-based nutrition pattern in children can considerably increase their body's immunity with an improvement in social and school functioning. SY consumption not only reduces childhood digestive problems but also remarkably decreases the illness duration and symptoms' severity. Increasing the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy adults consuming SYs can significantly reduce the pathogenic bacteria in feces. The regular intake of SYs with enhanced bioavailability of bioactive compounds in a short intestinal transit time reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease among hypercholesterolemic adults. Also, a meaningful improvement in the health status of adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been assessed after eating this bio-functional supplement product. Administration of a healthy SY-based diet purposefully alters microbiota composition, provides a microbial balance in the gut, and promotes GI functions in pediatric and geriatric age groups. Full recovery without any further complications during the follow-up period in elderly patients can also be obtained by implementing the SY-based dietary guideline.
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9.
Development of the pH responsive chitosan-alginate based microgel for encapsulation of Jughans regia L. polyphenols under simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro.
Feng, R, Wang, L, Zhou, P, Luo, Z, Li, X, Gao, L
Carbohydrate polymers. 2020;:116917
Abstract
The present research was designed to fabricate a novel pH-responsive microgel based on chitosan/sodium alginate (CS/ALG) to encapsulate the polyphenols from the shells of Juglans regia L. (JRP-Microgel), and investigate the physicochemical properties of JRP-Microgel as well as analyze the release characteristic and phenolic composition variation under simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro. The results showed that JRP-Microgel belonged to semi-crystalline substances, and presented regular spherical or subspherical shape with neat edge and uniform particle size. JRP-Microgel possessed better physicochemical stabilities compared with unencapsulated JRP. Furthermore, JRP-Microgel exhibited excellent sustained release characteristic under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Nevertheless, during different digestive phase, the phenolic composition of microgel was significantly different from the one of untreated JRP, suggesting that JRP-Microgel could prevent the degradation of JRP induced by gastrointestinal digestion. In conclusion, above results provide the experimental basis for the application of microgel encapsulation to improve the bioavailability of phenolic compounds in human body.
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10.
Competitors versus Collaborators: Micronutrient Processing by Pathogenic and Commensal Human-Associated Gut Bacteria.
Celis, AI, Relman, DA
Molecular cell. 2020;(4):570-576
Abstract
Co-evolution of gut commensal bacteria and humans has ensured that the micronutrient needs of both parties are met. This minireview summarizes the known molecular mechanisms of iron, zinc, and B vitamin processing by human-associated bacteria, comparing gut pathogens and commensals, and highlights the tension between their roles as competitors versus collaborators with the human host.