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The Beneficial Effects of Astaxanthin on Glucose Metabolism and Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Prediabetes.
Urakaze, M, Kobashi, C, Satou, Y, Shigeta, K, Toshima, M, Takagi, M, Takahashi, J, Nishida, H
Nutrients. 2021;(12)
Abstract
UNLABELLED Astaxanthin (ASTX) is an antioxidant agent. Recently, its use has been focused on the prevention of diabetes and atherosclerosis. We examined the effects of astaxanthin supplementation for 12 weeks on glucose metabolism, glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles and anthropometric indices in healthy volunteers including subjects with prediabetes with a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS We enrolled 53 subjects who met our inclusion criteria and administered them with 12 mg astaxanthin or a placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Subsequently, their HbA1c levels, lipid profiles and biochemical parameters were determined. The participants also underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), vascular endothelial function test and measurement of the visceral fat area. RESULTS After astaxanthin supplementation for 12 weeks, glucose levels after 120 min in a 75 g OGTT significantly decreased compared to those before supplementation. Furthermore, the levels of HbA1c (5.64 ± 0.33 vs. 5.57 ± 0.39%, p < 0.05), apo E (4.43 ± 1.29 vs. 4.13 ± 1.24 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (87.3 ± 28.6 vs. 76.3 ± 24.6 U/L, p < 0.05) were also reduced, whereas total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) levels were unaltered. The Matuda index, which is one of the parameters of insulin resistance, was improved in the ASTX group compared to that before supplementation. CONCLUSIONS our results suggest that ASTX may have preventive effects against diabetes and atherosclerosis and may be a novel complementary treatment option for the prevention of diabetes in healthy volunteers, including subjects with prediabetes, without adverse effects.
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Optimizing Chronic Pain Treatment with Enhanced Neuroplastic Responsiveness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
Pratscher, S, Mickle, AM, Marks, JG, Rocha, H, Bartsch, F, Schmidt, J, Tejera, L, Garcia, S, Custodero, C, Jean, F, et al
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
Chronic pain affects mental and physical health and alters brain structure and function. Interventions that reduce chronic pain are also associated with changes in the brain. A number of non-invasive strategies can promote improved learning and memory and increase neuroplasticity in older adults. Intermittent fasting and glucose administration represent two such strategies with the potential to optimize the neurobiological environment to increase responsiveness to recognized pain treatments. The purpose of the pilot study was to test the feasibility and acceptability of intermittent fasting and glucose administration paired with a recognized pain treatment activity, relaxation and guided imagery. A total of 32 adults (44% W, 56% M), 50 to 85 years of age, with chronic knee pain for three months or greater participated in the study. Four sessions were completed over an approximate two-week period. Findings indicate the ability to recruit, randomize, and retain participants in the protocol. The procedures and measures were reasonable and completed without incident. Participant adherence was high and exit interview feedback positive. In summary, the pilot study was feasible and acceptable, providing the evidence necessary to move forward with a larger clinical trial.
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3.
Effect of glucose and sodium chloride mouth rinses on neuromuscular fatigue: a preliminary study.
Khong, TK, Selvanayagam, V, Yusof, A
European journal of sport science. 2021;(2):224-230
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Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse has been shown to improve endurance performance and maintain the central drive of contracting muscles. Salt (NaCl) mouth rinse solution, often used in dentistry to desensitise the oral cavity to pain, could also activate cortical areas of the brain. Hence, the objective of this preliminary study was to investigate whether CHO (glucose) and NaCl mouth rinses could attenuate the reduction in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sustained MVC (sMVC) following an endurance exercise (30-minute cycling at 70% VO2max). Ten subjects (male, age: 22 ± 1 years, weight: 65.3 ± 12.4 kg, height: 164.5 ± 7.5 cm, VO2max: 48.3 ± 6.1 mL kg-1 min-1) completed three trials of 30-minute cycling exercise. In a randomised cross-over study, in each trial, the participants rinsed using either water, 6% glucose, or 6% NaCl solution for 5 s immediately prior to and every 10 min during the cycling exercise. The MVC and sMVC were measured pre and post cycling. Analysis of variance showed significant interaction and time effects for MVC, while for sMVC there was a significant interaction with time and group effects. Both MVC and sMVC were higher post cycling in the glucose and NaCl groups compared to the water group, which suggests that activation of glucose and NaCl oral receptors could better preserve post-exercise force production. This is the first study to show that NaCl mouth rinse can produce a comparable effect on glucose. Hence, mouth rinses may be able to activate other distinct pathways that could attenuate fatigue.
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The Effect of Different Postprandial Exercise Types on Glucose Response to Breakfast in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.
Bellini, A, Nicolò, A, Bulzomì, R, Bazzucchi, I, Sacchetti, M
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
Postprandial exercise represents an important tool for improving the glycemic response to a meal. This study evaluates the effects of the combination and sequence of different exercise types on the postprandial glycemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this repeated-measures crossover study, eight patients with type 2 diabetes performed five experimental conditions in a randomized order: (i) uninterrupted sitting (CON); (ii) 30 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (walking) (A); (iii) 30 min of combined aerobic and resistance exercise (AR); (iv) 30 min of combined resistance and aerobic exercise (RA); and (v) 15 min of resistance exercise (R). All the exercise sessions started 30 min after the beginning of a standardized breakfast. All the exercise conditions showed a significant attenuation of the post-meal glycemic excursion (P < 0.003) and the glucose incremental area under the curve at 0-120 min (P < 0.028) and 0-180 min (P < 0.048) compared with CON. A greater reduction in the glycemic peak was observed in A and AR compared to RA (P < 0.02). All the exercise types improved the post-meal glycemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes, with greater benefits when walking was performed alone or before resistance exercise.
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Cocoa Flavanols Adjuvant to an Oral Nutritional Supplement Acutely Enhances Nutritive Flow in Skeletal Muscle without Altering Leg Glucose Uptake Kinetics in Older Adults.
Sian, TS, Din, USU, Deane, CS, Smith, K, Gates, A, Lund, JN, Williams, JP, Rueda, R, Pereira, SL, Phillips, BE, et al
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
Ageing is associated with postprandial muscle vascular and metabolic dysfunction, suggesting vascular modifying interventions may be of benefit. Reflecting this, we investigated the impact of acute cocoa flavanol (450-500 mg) intake (versus placebo control) on vascular (via ultrasound) and glucose/insulin metabolic responses (via arterialised/venous blood samples and ELISA) to an oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in twelve healthy older adults (50% male, 72 ± 4 years), in a crossover design study. The cocoa condition displayed significant increases in m. vastus lateralis microvascular blood volume (MBV) in response to feeding at 180 and 240-min after ONS consumption (baseline: 1.00 vs. 180 min: 1.09 ± 0.03, p = 0.05; 240 min: 1.13 ± 0.04, p = 0.002), with MBV at these timepoints significantly higher than in the control condition (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a trend (p = 0.058) for MBV in m. tibialis anterior to increase in response to ONS in the cocoa condition only. Leg blood flow and vascular conductance increased, and vascular resistance decreased in response to ONS (p < 0.05), but these responses were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). Similarly, glucose uptake and insulin increased in response to ONS (p < 0.05) comparably between conditions (p > 0.05). Thus, acute cocoa flavanol supplementation can potentiate oral feeding-induced increases in MBV in older adults, but this improvement does not relay to muscle glucose uptake.
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Effects of daidzein and genistein on markers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with impaired glucose regulation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Ye, YB, He, KY, Li, WL, Zhuo, SY, Chen, YM, Lu, W, Wu, SL, Liu, J, Li, YB, Zeng, FF
Food & function. 2021;(17):7997-8006
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE soy protein and soy isoflavones have been suggested to be associated with improved cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lipid profiles and uric acid (UA)), but few studies have been conducted among women with impaired glucose regulation (IGR). This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated daidzein and genistein on lipid profiles, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and uric acid (UA) among Chinese women with IGR. METHODS AND RESULTS this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 165 Chinese women aged 30-70 years with IGR. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 0 mg of daidzein and genistein with 10 g soy protein (placebo group), 50 mg of daidzein with 10 g soy protein (daidzein group), or 50 mg of genistein with 10 g soy protein (genistein group) supplementation for 24 weeks. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), lipoprotein a (LP (a)), hs-CRP, and UA were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks after intervention. The results showed no significant differences in the changes (%) of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, LP (a), hs-CRP, and UA between the three treatment groups at weeks 12 or 24 (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION neither isolated daidzein nor genistein had a significant effect on cardiovascular health in Chinese women with IGR.
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Effect of a Chronic Intake of the Natural Sweeteners Xylitol and Erythritol on Glucose Absorption in Humans with Obesity.
Bordier, V, Teysseire, F, Schlotterbeck, G, Senner, F, Beglinger, C, Meyer-Gerspach, AC, Wölnerhanssen, BK
Nutrients. 2021;(11)
Abstract
In patients with obesity, accelerated nutrients absorption is observed. Xylitol and erythritol are of interest as alternative sweeteners, and it has been shown in rodent models that their acute ingestion reduces intestinal glucose absorption. This study aims to investigate whether a chronic intake of xylitol and erythritol impacts glucose absorption in humans with obesity. Forty-six participants were randomized to take either 8 g of xylitol or 12 g of erythritol three times a day for five to seven weeks, or to be part of the control group (no substance). Before and after the intervention, intestinal glucose absorption was assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test with 3-Ortho-methyl-glucose (3-OMG). The effect of xylitol or erythritol intake on the area under the curve for 3-OMG concentration was not significant. Neither the time (pre or post intervention), nor the group (control, xylitol, or erythritol), nor the time-by-group interaction effects were significant (p = 0.829, p = 0.821, and p = 0.572, respectively). Therefore, our results show that a chronic intake of the natural sweeteners xylitol and erythritol does not affect intestinal glucose absorption in humans with obesity.
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Effect of linagliptin on glucose metabolism and pancreatic beta cell function in patients with persistent prediabetes after metformin and lifestyle.
Alvarez-Canales, MFL, Salazar-López, SS, Farfán-Vázquez, D, Martínez-López, YE, González-Mena, JN, Jiménez-Ceja, LM, Vargas-Ortiz, K, Evia-Viscarra, ML, Montes de Oca-Loyola, ML, Folli, F, et al
Scientific reports. 2021;(1):8750
Abstract
The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding linagliptin to metformin and lifestyle on glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function in patients with persistent impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) after 12 months of metformin and lifestyle. A single center parallel double-blind randomized clinical trial with 6 months of follow-up was performed in patients with persistent IGT after 12 months of treatment with metformin and lifestyle; patients were randomized to continue with metformin 850 mg twice daily (M group, n = 12) or linagliptin/metformin 2.5/850 mg twice daily (LM group, n = 19). Anthropometric measurements were obtained by standard methods and by bioelectrical impedance; glucose was measured by dry chemistry, insulin by chemiluminescence, and pancreatic β-cell function was calculated with the disposition index using glucose and insulin values during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and adjusting by insulin sensitivity. The main outcomes were glucose levels during OGTT and pancreatic β-cell function. Patients in the LM group had a reduction in weight (-1.7 ± 0.6, p < 0.05) and body mass index (BMI, -0.67 ± 0.2, p < 0.05). Glucose levels significantly improved in LM group with a greater reduction in the area under the glucose curve during OGTT (AUCGluc0_120min) as compared to the M group (-4425 ± 871 vs -1116 ± 1104 mg/dl/120 min, p < 0.001). Pancreatic β-cell function measured with the disposition index, improved only in LM group (2.3 ± 0.23 vs 1.7 ± 0.27, p 0.001); these improvements persisted after controlling for OGTT glucose levels. The differences in pancreatic β-cell function persisted also after pairing groups for basal AUCGluc0_120min. The addition of linagliptin to patients with persistent IGT after 12 months of treatment with metformin and lifestyle, improved glucose levels during OGTT and pancreatic β-cell function after 6 months of treatment.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov with the ID number NCT04088461.
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A single oral glucose load decreases arterial plasma [K+ ] during exercise and recovery.
Steward, CH, Smith, R, Stepto, NK, Brown, M, Ng, I, McKenna, MJ
Physiological reports. 2021;(11):e14889
Abstract
AIM: We investigated whether acute carbohydrate ingestion reduced arterial potassium concentration ([K+ ]) during and after intense exercise and delayed fatigue. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind crossover design, eight males ingested 300 ml water containing 75 g glucose (CHO) or placebo (CON); rested for 60 min, then performed high-intensity intermittent cycling (HIIC) at 130% V˙O2peak , comprising three 45-s exercise bouts (EB), then a fourth EB until fatigue. Radial arterial (a) and antecubital venous (v) blood was sampled at rest, before, during and after HIIC and analyzed for plasma ions and metabolites, with forearm arteriovenous differences (a-v diff) calculated to assess inactive forearm muscle effects. RESULTS Glucose ingestion elevated [glucose]a and [insulin]a above CON (p = .001), being, respectively, ~2- and ~5-fold higher during CHO at 60 min after ingestion (p = .001). Plasma [K+ ]a rose during and declined following each exercise bout in HIIC (p = .001), falling below baseline at 5 min post-exercise (p = .007). Both [K+ ]a and [K+ ]v were lower during CHO (p = .036, p = .001, respectively, treatment main effect). The [K+ ]a-v diff across the forearm widened during exercise (p = .001), returned to baseline during recovery, and was greater in CHO than CON during EB1, EB2 (p = .001) and EB3 (p = .005). Time to fatigue did not differ between trials. CONCLUSION Acute oral glucose ingestion, as used in a glucose tolerance test, induced a small, systemic K+ -lowering effect before, during, and after HIIC, that was detectable in both arterial and venous plasma. This likely reflects insulin-mediated, increased Na+ ,K+ -ATPase induced K+ uptake into non-contracting muscles. However, glucose ingestion did not delay fatigue.
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Sweetness Perception is not Involved in the Regulation of Blood Glucose after Oral Application of Sucrose and Glucose Solutions in Healthy Male Subjects.
Grüneis, V, Schweiger, K, Galassi, C, Karl, CM, Treml, J, Ley, JP, König, J, Krammer, GE, Somoza, V, Lieder, B
Molecular nutrition & food research. 2021;(2):e2000472
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Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the effect of the sweetness of a sucrose versus an isocaloric glucose solution in dietary concentrations on blood glucose regulation by adjusting the sweetness level using the sweet taste inhibitor lactisole. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 27 healthy males participated in this randomized, crossover study with four treatments: 10% glucose, 10% sucrose, 10% sucrose + 60 ppm lactisole, and 10% glucose + 60 ppm lactisole. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucagon levels are measured at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after beverage consumption. Test subjects rated the sucrose solution to be sweeter than the isocaloric glucose solution, whereas no difference in sweetness is reported after addition of lactisole to the sucrose solution. Administration of the less sweet glucose solution versus sucrose led to higher blood glucose levels after 30 min, as reflected by a lower ΔAUC for sucrose (1072 ± 136) than for glucose (1567 ± 231). Application of lactisole leads to no differences in glucose, insulin, or glucagon responses induced by sucrose or glucose. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the structure of the carbohydrate has a stronger impact on the regulation of blood glucose levels than the perceived sweetness.