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1.
Digestion of human milk fat in healthy infants.
He, X, McClorry, S, Hernell, O, Lönnerdal, B, Slupsky, CM
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2020;:15-29
Abstract
Lipid digestion is critical for infant development, and yet, the interconnection between lipid digestion and the microbiota is largely understudied. This review focuses on digestion of the human milk fat globule and summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process in infants. We first discuss the partial hydrolysis of milk fat in the stomach, which leads to rearrangement of lipid droplets, creating a lipid-water interface necessary for duodenal lipolysis. In the first few months of life, secretion of pancreatic triglyceride lipase, phospholipase A2, and bile salts is immature. The dominant lipases aiding fat digestion in the newborn small intestine are therefore pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 and bile salt-stimulated lipase from both the exocrine pancreas and milk. We summarize the interaction between ionic fatty acids and cations to form insoluble fatty acid soaps and how it is influenced by various factors, including cation availability, pH, and bile salt concentration, as well as saturation and chain length of fatty acids. We further argue that the formation of the soap complex does not contribute to lipid bioavailability. Next, the possible roles that the gut microbiota plays in lipid digestion and absorption are discussed. Finally, we provide a perspective on how the manufacturing process of infant formula and dairy products may alter the physical properties and structure of lipid droplets, thereby altering the rate of lipolysis.
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2.
Effect of milk fat globule membrane supplementation on motor unit adaptation following resistance training in older adults.
Watanabe, K, Holobar, A, Tomita, A, Mita, Y
Physiological reports. 2020;(12):e14491
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on motor unit adaptation following resistance training in older adults. Twenty-five older males and females took MFGM (n = 12) or a placebo (PLA; n = 12) while performing 8 weeks of isometric knee extension training. During the training, the motor unit firing pattern during submaximal contractions, muscle thickness, and maximal muscle strength of knee extensor muscles were measured every 2 weeks. None of the measurements showed significant differences in muscle thickness or maximal muscle strength (MVC) between the two groups (p > .05). Significant decreases in motor unit firing rate following the intervention were observed in PLA, that is, 14.1 ± 2.7 pps at 0 weeks to 13.0 ± 2.4 pps at 4 weeks (p = .003), but not in MFGM (14.4 ± 2.5 pps to 13.8 ± 1.9 pps). Motor unit firing rates in MFGM were significantly higher than those in PLA at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of the intervention, that is, 15.1 ± 2.3 pps in MFGM and 14.5 ± 3.3 pps in PLA at 70% of MVC for motor units recruited at 40% of MVC at 6 weeks (p = .034). Significant differences in firing rates among motor units with different recruitment thresholds were newly observed following the resistance training intervention in MFGM, indicating that motor unit firing pattern is changed in this group. These results suggest that motor unit adaptation following resistance training is modulated by MFGM supplementation in older adults.
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The Effects of an Infant Formula Enriched with Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Synbiotics on Child Behavior up to 2.5 Years Old: The COGNIS Study.
Nieto-Ruiz, A, Diéguez, E, Sepúlveda-Valbuena, N, Herrmann, F, Cerdó, T, López-Torrecillas, F, De-Castellar, R, Jiménez, J, Pérez-García, M, Miranda, MT, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Although early life nutrition influences brain development and mental health, the long-term effects of supplemented infant formula on children´s behavior remain unclear. We analyzed the effects of a bioactive nutrients-enriched-infant formula on children's behavior up to 2.5 years, compared to a standard infant formula or breastfeeding. Current analysis involved 70 children who were fed a standard infant formula (SF, n = 29) or a bioactive compounds enriched-infant formula (EF, n = 41), during their first 18 months of life, and 33 breastfed (BF) children (reference group) participating in the COGNIS study. Behavioral problems were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist at 18 months and 2.5 years. Different statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. EF children aged 2.5 years presented fewer pathological affective problems than SF children. Besides, SF children were classified more frequently as bordering on internalizing problems than BF children. Rates of externalizing problems were increased in SF infants compared to EF and BF infants. Higher maternal IQ was found to have beneficial effects on internalizing and total problem rate in their offspring at 18 months of life; finally, higher maternal educational level was related with fewer ADHD problems in children at 18 months, as well as internalizing, externalizing, total and anxiety problems in children aged 2.5 years. Our analysis suggests that enriched infant formula fed infants seem to show fewer behavioral problems up to 2.5 years compared to a standard infant formula-fed infants. In addition to type of early feeding, maternal IQ and educational level seem to play a key role on children behavioral development.
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Comparative study on hemoglobin A1c, glycated albumin and glycosylated serum protein in aplastic anemia patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Suo, M, Wen, D, Wang, W, Zhang, T
Bioscience reports. 2020;(5)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To differentiate the value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycated albumin (GA) and glycosylated serum protein (GSP) in monitoring blood glucose of patients with aplastic anemia. METHODS 42 patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and 30 patients with AA and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled in the study, in comparison with 114 healthy subjects and 88 subjects with T2DM. HbA1c, GA, GSP, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (ALB) were measured, and group comparison and correlation analysis were carried out. RESULTS Compared with the non-diabetes patients while ALB were <30 g/l or 30-40 g/l, the HbA1c and GSP values in AA, T2DM and AA+T2DM patients were significantly higher while the GA values were lower. Moreover, no differences in FPG levels. The AA+T2DM patients with ALB >40 g/l had higher HbA1c level, with no difference in GA, GSP and FPG levels. There was a positive correlation between HbA1c and GA in healthy group (ALB ≥ 40 g/l), AA patients (ALB 30-40 g/l and ≥40 g/l), T2DM patients (ALB 30-40 g/l and ≥40 g/l) and AA+T2DM patients (ALB 30-40 g/l and ≥40 g/l) but not in those with ALB < 30 g/l. CONCLUSION The HbA1c results were affected by moderate-to-severe anemia, but not mild anemia. HbA1c is not recommended to detect blood glucose levels in AA patients (Hb < 90 g/l) or AA patients (ALB < 30 g/l). FPG and GSP are not suitable for AA patients.
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5.
Breakpoint: Cell Wall and Glycoproteins and their Crucial Role in the Phytopathogenic Fungi Infection.
Plaza, V, Silva-Moreno, E, Castillo, L
Current protein & peptide science. 2020;(3):227-244
Abstract
The cell wall that surrounds fungal cells is essential for their survival, provides protection against physical and chemical stresses, and plays relevant roles during infection. In general, the fungal cell wall is composed of an outer layer of glycoprotein and an inner skeletal layer of β-glucans or α- glucans and chitin. Chitin synthase genes have been shown to be important for septum formation, cell division and virulence. In the same way, chitin can act as a potent elicitor to activate defense response in several plant species; however, the fungi can convert chitin to chitosan during plant infection to evade plant defense mechanisms. Moreover, α-1,3-Glucan, a non-degradable polysaccharide in plants, represents a key feature in fungal cell walls formed in plants and plays a protective role for this fungus against plant lytic enzymes. A similar case is with β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan which are essential for infection, structure rigidity and pathogenicity during fungal infection. Cell wall glycoproteins are also vital to fungi. They have been associated with conidial separation, the increase of chitin in conidial cell walls, germination, appressorium formation, as well as osmotic and cell wall stress and virulence; however, the specific roles of glycoproteins in filamentous fungi remain unknown. Fungi that can respond to environmental stimuli distinguish these signals and relay them through intracellular signaling pathways to change the cell wall composition. They play a crucial role in appressorium formation and penetration, and release cell wall degrading enzymes, which determine the outcome of the interaction with the host. In this review, we highlight the interaction of phypatophogen cell wall and signaling pathways with its host and their contribution to fungal pathogenesis.
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6.
Role of Zinc in Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein Metabolism in Obesity: a Review of Literature.
Severo, JS, Morais, JBS, Beserra, JB, Dos Santos, LR, de Sousa Melo, SR, de Sousa, GS, de Matos Neto, EM, Henriques, GS, do Nascimento Marreiro, D
Biological trace element research. 2020;(1):81-88
Abstract
Excessive adipose tissue promotes the manifestation of endocrine disorders such as reduction of the secretion of zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and lipid-mobilizing activity. The molecular structure of this adipokine includes binding sites for zinc, a trace element with important antioxidant and immunological proprieties that also participates in energy metabolism and stimulates the function of ZAG. The objective of this review is to highlight current data on the metabolism of ZAG in obesity and the role of zinc in this process. The identified studies show that subjects with obesity have low serum concentrations of zinc and ZAG, as well as low expression of the genes encoding this protein. Thus, zinc appears to be an important regulator of the homeostasis of ZAG in the body; however, alterations in the metabolism of zinc in obesity appear to compromise the functions of ZAG. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between zinc and ZAG metabolism and its repercussions in obesity.
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7.
Predictive value of AZGP1 following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a cohort study and meta-analysis.
Kristensen, G, Berg, KD, Toft, BG, Stroomberg, HV, Nolley, R, Brooks, JD, Brasso, K, Roder, MA
Journal of clinical pathology. 2019;(10):696-704
Abstract
AIMS: Zinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) is a promising tissue biomarker to predict outcomes in men undergoing treatment for localised prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to examine the association between AZGP1 expression and the endpoints: risk of biochemical failure (BF), initiating castration-based treatment, developing castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and PCa-specific mortality following radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS The study included a prospective cohort of 302 patients who underwent RP for PCa from 2002 to 2005. AZGP1 expression was analysed using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray RP specimens and was scored semiquantitively as low or high expression. Risk of all endpoints was analysed using stratified cumulative incidences and cause-specific Cox regression, and validated with receiver operating curves, calibration and discrimination in competing-risk analyses. A meta-analysis was performed including previous studies investigating AZGP1 expression and risk of BF following RP. RESULTS Median time of follow-up was 14.0 years. The cumulative incidence of all endpoints was significantly higher in patients with low AZGP1 expression compared with patients with high AZGP1 expression (p<0.001). In a multivariate analysis, low AZGP1 expression increases the risk of BF (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.9 to 3.8; p<0.0001), castration-based treatment (HR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.2; p=0.01) and CRPC (HR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.0; p=0.03). Validation showed a low risk of prediction error and a high model performance for all endpoints. In a meta-analysis, low AZGP1 was associated with BF (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.5). CONCLUSIONS Low AZGP1 expression is associated with the risk of aggressive time-dependent outcomes in men undergoing RP for localised PCa.
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8.
Site-Specific Glycoprofiles of HDL-Associated ApoE are Correlated with HDL Functional Capacity and Unaffected by Short-Term Diet.
Zhu, C, Wong, M, Li, Q, Sawrey-Kubicek, L, Beals, E, Rhodes, CH, Sacchi, R, Lebrilla, CB, Zivkovic, AM
Journal of proteome research. 2019;(11):3977-3984
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Abstract
Since high-density lipoprotein (HDL) glycoprofiles are associated with HDL functional capacity, we set out to determine whether diet can alter the glycoprofiles of key HDL-associated proteins, including ApoE, a potent driver of chronic disease risk. Ten healthy subjects consumed a fast food (FF) and a Mediterranean (Med) diet for 4 days in randomized order, with a 4-day wash-out between treatments. A multiple reaction monitoring method was used to characterize the site-specific glycoprofiles of HDL proteins, and HDL functional capacity was analyzed. We describe for the first time that ApoE has 7 mucin-type O-glycosylation sites, which were not affected by short-term diet. The glycoprofiles of other HDL-associated proteins were also unaffected, except that a disialylated ApoC-III glycan was enriched after Med diet, and a nonsialylated ApoC-III glycan was enriched after FF diet. Twenty-five individual glycopeptides were significantly correlated with cholesterol efflux capacity and 21 glycopeptides were correlated with immunomodulatory capacity. Results from this study indicate that the glycoprofiles of HDL-associated proteins including ApoE are correlated with HDL functional capacity but generally unaffected by diet in the short term, except ApoC-III sialylation. These results suggest that HDL protein glycoprofiles are affected by both acute and long-term factors and may be useful for biomarker discovery.
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The effects of exercise and milk-fat globule membrane (MFGM) on walking parameters in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women with declines in walking ability: A randomized placebo controlled trial.
Kim, H, Won, CW, Kim, M, Kojima, N, Fujino, K, Osuka, Y, Hosoi, E, Suzuki, T
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2019;:106-113
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on walking ability and walking parameters in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women with declined walking ability. METHODS A randomized placebo controlled trial was performed on 126 elderly community-dwelling women over 79 years old. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four three-month interventions: exercise and MFGM (Ex + MFGM), exercise and placebo (Ex + P), MFGM, and placebo interventions. The exercise intervention group performed one-hour progressive exercise classes twice a week. The MFGM supplementation included ingesting 1 g of MFGM per day. Medical history, physical function measurements included grip strength, knee extension strength, walking speed, as well as walking parameters, and blood components were analyzed. RESULTS Significant group × time interactions were observed in usual walking speed, stride, and foot progression angle between the groups. Walking speed improved in both exercise groups (P < 0.001). Similarly, stride significantly increased in the exercise groups compared to the MFGM and placebo groups (P < 0.001). Foot progression angle decreased in the exercise groups (P = 0.023) but not in MFGM or placebo groups. Participants with decreased or unchanged walking speed had significantly lower knee extension strength at baseline (P = 0.016), and a higher prevalence of knee OA (P = 0.033, P = 0.010, respectively). CONCLUSION The exercise interventions alone or combined with nutrition were effective in improving walking speed as well as other walking parameters. Improvement in stride and foot progression angle may have contributed to the increase in walking speed. However, augmented effects of MFGM with exercise could not be confirmed.
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A novel noninvasive appendicitis score with a urine biomarker.
Yap, TL, Fan, JD, Chen, Y, Ho, MF, Choo, CS, Allen, J, Low, Y, Jacobsen, AS, Nah, SA
Journal of pediatric surgery. 2019;(1):91-96
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to develop an appendicitis score incorporating a urine biomarker, Leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG), for evaluation of children with abdominal pain. METHODS From January to August 2017 we prospectively enrolled children aged 4-16 years old admitted for suspected appendicitis. Urine samples for LRG analysis were obtained preoperatively and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after correction for patient hydration status. The diagnosis of appendicitis was based on operative findings and histology. Logistic regression was used to identify prospective predictors. RESULTS A total of 148 patients were recruited, of which 42(28.4%) were confirmed appendicitis. Our Appendicitis Urinary Biomarker (AuB) model incorporated urine LRG with 3 clinical predictors: 'constant pain', 'right iliac fossa tenderness', 'pain on percussion'. Area under the ROC curve for AuB was 0.82 versus 0.78 for the Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) on the same cohort of patients. A model-calculated risk score of <0.15 is interpreted as low risk of appendicitis. Sensitivity for the AuB at this cutoff was 97.6%, specificity 37.7%, negative predictive value 97.6%, positive predictive value 38.3%, and negative likelihood ratio 0.06. CONCLUSION The noninvasive AuB score appears promising as a diagnostic tool for excluding appendicitis in children without the need for blood sampling. TYPE OF STUDY Study of diagnostic test. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.