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Maternal fuels and metabolic measures during pregnancy and neonatal body composition: the healthy start study.
Crume, TL, Shapiro, AL, Brinton, JT, Glueck, DH, Martinez, M, Kohn, M, Harrod, C, Friedman, JE, Dabelea, D
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2015;(4):1672-80
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Abstract
CONTEXT The impact of specific maternal fuels and metabolic measures during early and late gestation on neonatal body composition is not well defined. OBJECTIVE To determine how circulating maternal glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance in the first and second halves of pregnancy influence neonatal body composition. DESIGN A prospective pre-birth cohort enrolling pregnant women, the Healthy Start Study, was conducted, in which fasting maternal serum samples were collected twice during pregnancy to measure glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and free fatty acids. Neonatal body composition was measured with air displacement plethysmography. SETTING An observational epidemiology study of pregnant women attending obstetric clinics at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS This analysis includes 804 maternal-neonate pairs. RESULTS A strong positive linear relationship between maternal estimated insulin resistance (homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance) in the first half of pregnancy and neonatal fat mass (FM) and FM percentage (FM%) was detected, independent of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). In the second half of pregnancy, positive linear relationships between maternal glucose levels and offspring FM and FM% were observed, independent of prepregnancy BMI. An inverse relationship was detected between high-density lipoprotein in the first half of pregnancy and FM, independent of prepregnancy BMI. Free fatty acid levels in the second half of pregnancy were positively associated with higher birth weight, independent of prepregnancy BMI. CONCLUSION Maternal insulin resistance in the first half of pregnancy is highly predictive of neonatal FM%, whereas maternal glycemia, even within the normal range, is an important driver of neonatal adiposity in later pregnancy, independent of prepregnancy BMI. Our data provide additional insights on potential maternal factors responsible for fetal fat accretion and early development of adiposity.
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Prospective assessment of short-term propylene glycol tolerance in neonates.
Allegaert, K, Vanhaesebrouck, S, Kulo, A, Cosaert, K, Verbesselt, R, Debeer, A, de Hoon, J
Archives of disease in childhood. 2010;(12):1054-8
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Propylene glycol (PG) is an unintentional frequently administered solvent in neonates despite the fact that PG accumulation potentially results in hyperosmolarity, lactic acidosis and renal/hepatic toxicity. METHODS Prospective evaluation of renal (diuresis, creatinaemia, sodium), metabolic (base excess, anion gap, lactate, bicarbonate) and hepatic (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, direct bilirubinaemia) tolerance to PG in (pre)term neonates following intravenous administration of formulations (paracetamol, phenobarbital, digoxin) that contain PG. Observations from 48 h before up to 48 after the last PG administration were described and compared (paired analysis). Clinical characteristics and observations collected following intravenous PG-paracetamol administration were compared with a historical cohort of neonates in whom similar (renal, hepatic) observations during exposure to a mannitol-containing paracetamol formulation were collected. RESULTS 5566 observations were collected in 69 neonates before, during and following median PG exposure of 34 mg/kg/24 h (range 14-252). Progressive postnatal adaptation in renal, metabolic and hepatic function was documented, unrelated to the PG exposure. In the subgroup of 40 cases treated with intravenous PG-paracetamol, observations on renal and hepatic function were similar to a historical cohort of published observations following exposure to intravenous mannitol-paracetamol. CONCLUSIONS Unintended PG administration (34 mg/kg/24 h) for a maximum of 48 h seems to be tolerated in (pre)term neonates and does not affect short-term postnatal adaptations. Further studies on PG disposition and the level of safe exposure to PG, including long-term safety data in neonates are needed.
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Deuterium equilibrium time in saliva of newborn infants.
Traver, LA, Martinez, FE, Ferriolli, E, Marchini, JS, Monteiro, JP, Pfrimer, K, Sanchez, AP, de Oliveira, T, Ducatti, C, Camelo, JS
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2009;(4):471-4
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is an increasing interest about the use of stable isotopes for body composition analysis in pediatrics. To ensure the success of total body water analysis by the deuterium dilution method, it is fundamental to determine the equilibrium time (plateau) of deuterium in the body fluid studied. OBJECTIVES We report here the equilibration time of deuterium oxide in the saliva of newborns after oral intake of the isotope. METHODS Twenty healthy term newborn infants, 10 males and 10 females, were analyzed. Saliva was collected from each newborn before the oral administration of a 100 mg/kg dose of deuterium oxide (baseline sample) and then at 1-hour intervals for 5 hours after administration. Deuterium enrichment of saliva was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry according to the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. RESULTS The plateau time of deuterium in saliva occurred 3 hours after oral administration of the stable isotope. CONCLUSION These data are essential for further studies on the body composition of newborn infants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the equilibration time of deuterium in the saliva of term newborns.
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HIV-1 vaccine induced immune responses in newborns of HIV-1 infected mothers.
McFarland, EJ, Johnson, DC, Muresan, P, Fenton, T, Tomaras, GD, McNamara, J, Read, JS, Douglas, SD, Deville, J, Gurwith, M, et al
AIDS (London, England). 2006;(11):1481-9
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast milk transmission continues to account for a large proportion of cases of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 worldwide. An effective HIV-1 vaccine coupled with either passive immunization or short-term antiretroviral prophylaxis represents a potential strategy to prevent breast milk transmission. This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of ALVAC HIV-1 vaccine with and without a subunit envelope boost in infants born to HIV-1-infected women. DESIGN : Placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. METHODS Infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers in the US were immunized with a prime-boost regimen using a canarypox virus HIV-1 vaccine (vCP1452) and a recombinant glycoprotein subunit vaccine (rgp120). Infants (n = 30) were randomized to receive: vCP1452 alone, vCP1452 + rgp120, or corresponding placebos. RESULTS Local reactions were mild or moderate and no significant systemic toxicities occurred. Subjects receiving both vaccines had gp120-specific binding serum antibodies that were distinguishable from maternal antibody. Repeated gp160-specific lymphoproliferative responses were observed in 75%. Neutralizing activity to HIV-1 homologous to the vaccine strain was observed in 50% of the vCP1452 + rgp120 subjects who had lost maternal antibody by week 24. In some infants HIV-1-specific proliferative and antibody responses persisted until week 104. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were detected in two subjects in each treatment group; the frequency of HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses did not differ between vaccine and placebo recipients. CONCLUSION The demonstration of vaccine-induced immune responses in early infancy supports further study of HIV-1 vaccination as a strategy to reduce breast milk transmission.
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Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants.
Baylin, A, Villamor, E, Rifai, N, Msamanga, G, Fawzi, WW
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;(8):960-8
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether supplementation with vitamin A and/or vitamins B, C, and E to HIV-infected women during pregnancy and lactation is related to increased concentrations of vitamins A, B12, and E in their infants during the first 6 months of life. DESIGN We carried out a randomized clinical trial among 716 mother-infant pairs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Women were randomly allocated to receive a daily oral dose of one of four regimens: vitamin A, multivitamins (B, C, and E), multivitamins including A, or placebo. Supplementation started at first prenatal visit and continued after delivery throughout the breastfeeding period. The serum concentration of vitamins A, E and B12 was measured in infants at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. RESULTS Maternal vitamin A supplementation increased serum retinol in the infants at 6 weeks (mean difference=0.09 micromol/l, P<0.0001) and 6 months (mean difference=0.06 micromol/l, P=0.0002), and decreased the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, but had no impact on serum vitamins E or B12. Multivitamins increased serum vitamin B12 at 6 weeks and 6 months (mean differences=176 pmol/l, P<0.0001 and 127 pmol/l, P<0.0001, respectively) and vitamin E (mean differences=1.8 micromol/l, P=0.0008 and 1.1 micromol/l, P=0.004, respectively) and decreased the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin supplementation to HIV-1-infected women is effective in improving the vitamin status of infants during the first 6 months of age.
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Effects of a combined micronutrient supplementation on maternal biological status and newborn anthropometrics measurements: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in apparently healthy pregnant women.
Hininger, I, Favier, M, Arnaud, J, Faure, H, Thoulon, JM, Hariveau, E, Favier, A, Roussel, AM
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;(1):52-9
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible beneficial effects of a micronutrient supplementation to apparently healthy pregnant women on maternal biological status and new born anthropometric characteristics. SETTING Departments of Obstetric of the University Hospital of Grenoble (France) and Lyon (France), Laboratoire of Biology of Oxidative Stress, UFR de Pharmacie. Grenoble (France). STUDY DESIGN Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial. SUBJECTS A total of 100 apparently healthy pregnant women were recruited at 14+/-2 weeks of gestation to delivery. At the end, they were 65 women to follow out the study. INTERVENTIONS Daily consumption over gestation of a micronutrients supplement or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma micronutrient levels and oxidative stress parameters were measured in mothers at 14 and 38 weeks of gestation. New born's anthropometric characteristics were measured at delivery. RESULTS In the supplemented group, folic acid, vitamin C, E, B2, B6 and beta-carotene levels were higher than in the placebo group. Oxidative stress parameters were not different between the groups. Birth weights were increased by 10% and the number of low newborn weights (<2700 g) decreased significantly when the mother received the supplementation. Maternal plasma Zn levels were positively correlated to the newborn heights. CONCLUSION A regular intake of a micronutrient supplement at nutritional dose may be sufficient to improve micronutrient status of apparently healthy pregnant women and could prevent low birth weight of newborn.
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Bone speed of sound in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Regev, RH, Dolfin, T, Eliakim, A, Arnon, S, Bauer, S, Nemet, D, Litmanovitz, I
Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM. 2004;(8):1083-8
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone strength in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (IGDM) was reported to be either decreased or unaltered. However, no report using quantitative ultrasound measurement of speed of sound (QUS-SOS) for bone strength assessment has been published. The aim of the present study was to assess bone strength by QUS-SOS measurements in IGDM in comparison to healthy matched full-term infants. DESIGN Nineteen IGDM and 18 healthy controls participated in the study. Postnatal tibial bone SOS was measured by Sunlight Omnisense. RESULTS Mean birth weight (BW) of IGDM (3,587.6+/-148.6 g) was higher compared to the control infants (3,311.1+/-74.5 g), but this difference was not statistically significant. Mean bone SOS was significantly lower in IGDM (2,976.7+/-27.2 m/sec) compared to the control infants (3,093.3+/-23.6 m/sec; p <0.003). There was a significant negative correlation between bone SOS and BW in all the study participants (r = -0.32, p <0.025). No significant difference in BW and bone SOS was noted between infants with postnatal hypoglycemia and normoglycemia. There was no correlation between maternal HbA1c during pregnancy and neonatal bone SOS. CONCLUSIONS Bone strength was significantly decreased in IGDM compared to healthy controls. Neonates with higher BW had lower bone SOS. Since mechanical strain is a potent stimulation for bone formation and strength, it is suggested that the reduced bone strength in IGDM may also be the result of reduced intrauterine fetal mobility due to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Feeding effects on growth during infancy.
Kramer, MS, Guo, T, Platt, RW, Vanilovich, I, Sevkovskaya, Z, Dzikovich, I, Michaelsen, KF, Dewey, K, ,
The Journal of pediatrics. 2004;(5):600-5
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study nested within a large (n=17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compared growth [weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores (WAZ, LAZ, WLZ) and head circumference (HC)] during the intervals 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 months, using hierarchical multivariate regression to control for size at the beginning of each interval, maternal education, geographic region, and urban versus rural location. RESULTS Mixed BF and formula/other milk were associated with significantly higher (versus breast milk only) LAZ at 1 to 3 months (+0.038 and +0.047, respectively). In the 3- to 6-month interval, mixed BF and formula/other milk led to significantly higher WAZ (+0.125 and +0.139) and LAZ (+0.081 and +0.075), whereas cereal intake was associated with large and highly significant reductions in both measures (-0.293 and -0.240) and in HC (-0.291 cm). Mixed BF and formula/other milk continued to have positive albeit smaller associations with WAZ and LAZ in the 6- to 9-month and 9- to 12-month intervals. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the growth-accelerating effects of formula and other milks (versus breast milk) on weight and length gain throughout infancy, with a dose-response gradient and largest associations observed at 3 to 6 months.
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Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administered enterally to neonates is not absorbed.
Calhoun, DA, Maheshwari, A, Christensen, RD
Pediatrics. 2003;(2):421-3
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is present in liquids swallowed by the fetus and neonate; specifically, amniotic fluid, colostrum, and human milk. The swallowed G-CSF has local effects on enteric cells, which express the G-CSF receptor. However, some portion of the G-CSF ingested by the fetus and neonate might be absorbed into the circulation and have systemic actions, such as stimulating neutrophil production. To assess this possibility we sought to determine if circulating G-CSF concentrations of neonates increase after enteral administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). This was a single-center, prospective, blinded, randomized, 2 x 2 crossover study, with each infant receiving 1 dose of rhG-CSF (100 microg/kg) and 1 dose of placebo. Plasma G-CSF concentrations were measured at 2 and 4 hours after administration of the test solution. No significant change in plasma G-CSF concentration was observed after the enteral administration of rhG-CSF. On this basis, we conclude that orally administered rhG-CSF is not absorbed in significant quantities, and we speculate that the G-CSF swallowed by the fetus and neonate has local but not systemic effects.
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Determinants of weight and length of Indonesian neonates.
Muslimatun, S, Schmidt, MK, West, CE, Schultink, W, Gross, R, Hautvast, JG
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2002;(10):947-51
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the determinants of neonatal weight and length. DESIGN From 16-20 week of pregnancy, 366 mothers of the neonates had participated in the community-based study to investigate the effect of weekly supplementation during pregnancy with iron and vitamin A on infant growth. Women from five villages were allocated randomly to receive two tablets each containing 60 mg iron as ferrous sulphate and 250 micro g folic acid (n=121) or two tablets each containing 2400 RE vitamin A in addition to the same amount of ferrous sulphate and folic acid (n=122). A third ('daily') group (n=123) participating in the national iron supplementation programme was recruited from four neighbouring villages. RESULTS Neonatal weight and length did not differ between the two weekly groups and between the weekly iron group and the 'daily' group. Iron and vitamin A status during pregnancy did not influence neonatal weight and length significantly. Boys were 100 g heavier and 0.53 cm longer than girls (P<0.05). First born neonates were lighter (P<0.01) and tended to be shorter (P=0.070) than neonates of higher birth order. Maternal age and education as well as other socioeconomic determinants were not associated with neonatal weight and length. Neonatal weight was 32% explained by gestational age, maternal weight, postnatal measurement, gender and parity, while neonatal length was 28% explained by gestational age, maternal weight, postnatal measurement, gender and maternal height. CONCLUSIONS Gestational age, maternal weight at second trimester and infant gender were the main predictors of neonatal weight and length. SPONSORSHIP The study was supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research-Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (NWO-WOTRO; WV 93-280) and Neys-van Hoogstraten Foundation (IN 114), The Netherlands, and German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)/South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO), Indonesia.