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1.
Lipid profile and risk of ovarian tumours: a meta-analysis.
Onwuka, JU, Okekunle, AP, Olutola, OM, Akpa, OM, Feng, R
BMC cancer. 2020;(1):200
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing data from several reports on the association between lipid profile and ovarian tumour (OT) suggests divergent conclusions. Our aim was to examine whether circulating lipid profile: total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) differed between cases and non-cases of OT. METHODS Electronic repositories; PUBMED, EMBASE and Cochrane library were explored through December 2019 to retrieve published articles for inclusion in the meta-analysis after quality assessment. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics, the effect of individual studies on the overall effect size was tested using sensitivity analysis and funnel plot was used to evaluate publication bias. RESULTS Twelve studies, involving 1767 OT cases and 229,167 non-cases of OT were included in this meta-analysis and I2 statistics ranged between 97 and 99%. Mean circulating TC (- 16.60 [- 32.43, - 0.77]mg/dL; P = 0.04) and HDL (- 0.25[- 0.43, - 0.08]mmol/L; P = 0.005) were significantly lower among OT cases compared to non-OT cases. CONCLUSION Decreased TC and HDL profiles were observed among subjects with OT in this collection of reports. The implications of TC and HDL in tumour manifestations and growth need to be validated in a large multi-ethnic longitudinal cohort adjusting for relevant confounders.
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2.
The Alcohol-High-Density Lipoprotein Athero-Protective Axis.
Rosales, C, Gillard, BK, Gotto, AM, Pownall, HJ
Biomolecules. 2020;(7)
Abstract
Ingestion of alcohol is associated with numerous changes in human energy metabolism, especially that of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Regular moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), an effect that has been attributed to the concurrent elevations of plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. More recent evidence has accrued against the hypothesis that raising plasma HDL concentrations prevents ASCVD so that other metabolic processes associated with alcohol consumption have been considered. This review explored the roles of other metabolites induced by alcohol consumption-triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, non-esterified free fatty acids, and acetate, the terminal alcohol metabolite in athero-protection: Current evidence suggests that acetate has a key role in athero-protection but additional studies are needed.
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3.
High density lipoprotein and its apolipoprotein-defined subspecies and risk of dementia.
Koch, M, DeKosky, ST, Goodman, M, Sun, J, Furtado, JD, Fitzpatrick, AL, Mackey, RH, Cai, T, Lopez, OL, Kuller, LH, et al
Journal of lipid research. 2020;(3):445-454
Abstract
Whether HDL is associated with dementia risk is unclear. In addition to apoA1, other apolipoproteins are found in HDL, creating subspecies of HDL that may have distinct metabolic properties. We measured apoA1, apoC3, and apoJ levels in plasma and apoA1 levels in HDL that contains or lacks apoE, apoJ, or apoC3 using a modified sandwich ELISA in a case-cohort study nested within the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study. We included 995 randomly selected participants and 521 participants who developed dementia during a mean of 5.1 years of follow-up. The level of total apoA1 was not significantly related to dementia risk, regardless of the coexistence of apoC3, apoJ, or apoE. Higher levels of total plasma apoC3 were associated with better cognitive function at baseline (difference in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination scores tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.98) and a lower dementia risk (adjusted hazard ratio tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.96). Plasma concentrations of apoA1 in HDL and its apolipoprotein-defined subspecies were not associated with cognitive function at baseline or with the risk of dementia during follow-up. Similar studies in other populations are required to better understand the association between apoC3 and Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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4.
Association of high-density lipoprotein particle concentration with cardiovascular risk following acute coronary syndrome: A case-cohort analysis of the dal-Outcomes trial.
Salahuddin, T, Kittelson, J, Tardif, JC, Shah, PK, Olsson, AG, Nicholls, SJ, Leitersdorf, E, Leiter, LA, Kallend, D, Black, DM, et al
American heart journal. 2020;:60-66
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration is inversely related to risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in epidemiologic studies but is a poorer predictor of MACE in patients with established coronary heart disease. HDL particle concentration (HDLP) has been proposed as a better predictor of risk. We investigated whether HDLP is associated with risk of MACE after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS The dal-Outcomes trial compared the CETP inhibitor dalcetrapib with placebo in patients with recent ACS. In a nested case-cohort analysis, total, large, medium, and small HDLPs were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline (4-12 weeks after ACS) in 476 cases with MACE and 902 controls. Hazard ratios (HRs; case-control) for 1-SD increment of HDLP or HDL-C at baseline were calculated with and without adjustment for demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment variables. Similarly, HRs for MACE were calculated for changes in HDLP or HDL-C from baseline to month 3 of assigned treatment. RESULTS Over median follow-up of 28 months, the risk of MACE was not associated with baseline HDLP (adjusted HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.84-1.15, P = .81), any HDLP subclass, or HDL-C. Dalcetrapib increased HDL-C and total, medium, and large HDLP and decreased small HDLP but had no effect on MACE compared with placebo. There were no association of risk of MACE with change in HDLP or HDL-C and no interaction with assigned study treatment. CONCLUSIONS Neither baseline HDLP nor the change in HDLP on treatment with dalcetrapib or placebo was associated with risk of MACE after ACS.
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5.
Administration of eicosapentaenoic acid may alter high-density lipoprotein heterogeneity in statin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease: A 6-month randomized trial.
Tani, S, Matsuo, R, Yagi, T, Matsumoto, N
Journal of cardiology. 2020;(3):282-288
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined statin plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) therapy might be a potentially effective treatment option to prevent coronary artery disease (CAD). The serum EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio has been identified as a potential new risk marker for CAD. Few data exist whether administration of EPA could affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size. We hypothesized that the addition of EPA to ongoing statin therapy may result in altered HDL heterogeneity. METHODS We conducted this 6-month, single-center, prospective, randomized open-label clinical trial to investigate the effect of the additional administration of EPA on the HDL heterogeneity (HDL2, HDL3, and HDL2/HDL3 ratio) in stable CAD patients receiving treatment with statins. We assigned stable CAD patients already receiving statin therapy to the EPA group (1800mg/day: n=50) or the control group (n=50). RESULTS A significant decrease in the serum HDL3 level (-4.7% vs. -0.5%, p=0.037), but not of the serum HDL2 level, and a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 ratio (5.5% vs. -5.1%, p=0.032) were observed in the EPA group as compared to the control group. Multiple regression analysis with adjustments for coronary risk factors identified the achieved EPA/ AA ratio as an independent and significant predictor of an increase of the HDL2/HDL3 ratio (β=0.295, p=0.001). Furthermore, the change in the serum cholesterol ester transfer protein mass was positively correlated with the change in the EPA/AA ratio in the EPA group (r=0.286, p=0.044), but not in the control group (r=0.121, p=0.401). CONCLUSION Administration of EPA might decrease the serum HDL3 level, resulting in an increase in the HDL2/HDL3 ratio. Furthermore, increased EPA/AA ratio by the addition of EPA to ongoing statin therapy might be an indicator of an increase in the HDL2/HDL3 ratio, thereby regulating HDL particle size. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN (http://www.umin.ac.jp/) Study ID: UMIN000010452.
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6.
Association of cholesterol uptake capacity, a novel indicator for HDL functionality, and coronary plaque properties: An optical coherence tomography-based observational study.
Oshita, T, Toh, R, Nagano, Y, Kuroda, K, Nagasawa, Y, Harada, A, Murakami, K, Kiriyama, M, Yoshikawa, K, Miwa, K, et al
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 2020;:136-144
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol efflux from atherosclerotic lesion is a key function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Recently, we established a simple, high-throughput, cell-free assay to evaluate the capacity of HDL to accept additional cholesterol, which is herein referred to as "cholesterol uptake capacity (CUC)". OBJECTIVE To clarify the cross-sectional relationship between CUC and coronary plaque properties. METHODS We enrolled 135 patients to measure CUC and assess the morphological features of angiographic stenosis by optical coherence tomography (OCT). We estimated the extent of the lipid-rich plaque by multiplying the mean lipid arc by lipid length (lipid index). The extent of the OCT-detected macrophage accumulation in the target plaque was semi-quantitatively estimated using a grading system. RESULTS Lipid-rich plaque lesions were identified in 125 patients (92.6%). CUC was inversely associated with the lipid index (R = -0.348, P < 0.0001). In addition, CUC was also inversely associated with macrophage score (R = -0.327, P < 0.0001). Conversely, neither circulating levels of HDL cholesterol nor apoA1 showed a similar relationship. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that CUC was inversely related to lipid-rich plaque burden and the extent of macrophage accumulation, suggesting that CUC could be useful for cardiovascular risk stratification.
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7.
The Beneficial Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Lp-PLA2 Mass and Its Distribution between HDL and apoB-Containing Lipoproteins in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Baziar, N, Nasli-Esfahani, E, Djafarian, K, Qorbani, M, Hedayati, M, Mishani, MA, Faghfoori, Z, Ahmaripour, N, Hosseini, S
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020;:5850865
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a new specific vascular inflammation biomarker that is carried by the lipoproteins in the blood and plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Increased Lp-PLA2 levels and impaired Lp-PLA2 distribution across high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL lipoproteins have been reported in diabetic patients, which is associated with the increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA), as an antioxidant with potential cardioprotective properties, on the Lp-PLA2 mass and its distribution in diabetic patients. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, seventy diabetic patients were randomly allocated to ALA (1200 mg ALA as two 600 mg capsules/day) and placebo (two maltodextrin capsules/day) groups. The serum levels of total Lp-PLA2 mass, HDL-Lp-PLA2, oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1), lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and insulin were measured, and apolipoprotein B- (apoB-) associated Lp-PLA2 and homeostasis model of assessment index (HOMA-IR) were calculated at the baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. ALA significantly decreased the ox-LDL, total Lp-PLA2 mass, apoB-associated Lp-PLA2, and percent of apoB-associated Lp-PLA2 and triglyceride and increased the percent of HDL-Lp-PLA2 compared with the placebo group but had no significant effect on HDL-Lp-PLA2 mass, apo A1, lipid profiles, and glycemic indices. There was a positive correlation between the reduction in the ox-LDL level and total Lp-PLA2 mass in the ALA group. In conclusion, ALA may decrease the CVD risk by reducing the ox-LDL and Lp-PLA2 mass and improving the Lp-PLA2 distribution among lipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients.
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8.
Inequalities in cardiovascular risks among Swedish adolescents (ABIS): a prospective cohort study.
Andersson White, P, Ludvigsson, J, Jones, MP, Faresjo, T
BMJ open. 2020;(2):e030613
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if socioeconomic status (SES) is predictive of cardiovascular risk factors among Swedish adolescents. Identify the most important SES variable for the development of each cardiovascular risk factor. Investigate at what age SES inequality in overweight and obesity occurs. DESIGN Longitudinal follow-up of a prospective birth cohort. SETTING All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) study includes data from children born between October 1997 and October 1999 in five counties of south east Sweden. PARTICIPANTS A regional ABIS-study subsample from three major cities of the region n=298 adolescents aged 16-18 years, and prospective data from the whole ABIS cohort for overweight and obesity status at the ages 2, 5, 8 and 12 years (n=2998-7925). OUTCOME MEASURES Blood pressure above the hypertension limit, overweight/obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force definition, low high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or borderline-high low-density lipoproteins according to National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on cholesterol levels in children. RESULTS For three out of four cardiovascular risk outcomes (elevated blood pressure, low HDL and overweight/obesity), there were increased risk in one or more of the low SES groups (p<0.05). The best predictor was parental occupational class (Swedish socioeconomic classification index) for elevated blood pressure (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.623), maternal educational level for overweight (area under the ROC curve 0.641) and blue-collar city of residence for low HDL (area under the ROC curve 0.641). SES-related differences in overweight/obesity were found at age 2, 5 and 12 and for obesity at age 2, 5, 8 and 12 years (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Even in a welfare state like Sweden, SES inequalities in cardiovascular risks are evident already in childhood and adolescence. Intervention programmes to reduce cardiovascular risk based on social inequality should start early in life.
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9.
Τhe Antioxidant Function of HDL in Atherosclerosis.
Xepapadaki, E, Zvintzou, E, Kalogeropoulou, C, Filou, S, Kypreos, KE
Angiology. 2020;(2):112-121
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multistep process that progresses over a long period of time and displays a broad range of severity. In its final form, it manifests as a lesion of the intimal layer of the arterial wall. There is strong evidence supporting that oxidative stress contributes to coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality and antioxidant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) could have a beneficial role in the prevention and prognosis of the disease. Indeed, certain subspecies of HDL may act as natural antioxidants preventing oxidation of lipids on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and biological membranes. The antioxidant function may be attributed to inhibition of synthesis or neutralization of free radicals and reactive oxygen species by HDL lipids and associated enzymes or transfer of oxidation prone lipids from LDL and biological membranes to HDL for catabolism. A limited number of clinical trials suggest that the increased antioxidant potential of HDL correlates with decreased risk for atherosclerosis. Some nutritional interventions to increase HDL antioxidant activity have been proposed with limited success so far. The limitations in measuring and understanding HDL antioxidant function in vivo are also discussed.
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10.
Prolonged bedrest reduces plasma high-density lipoprotein levels linked to markedly suppressed cholesterol efflux capacity.
Trakaki, A, Scharnagl, H, Trieb, M, Holzer, M, Hinghofer-Szalkay, H, Goswami, N, Marsche, G
Scientific reports. 2020;(1):15001
Abstract
Recent observations strongly connect high-density lipoproteins (HDL) function and levels with coronary heart disease outcomes and risk for infections and sepsis. To date, our knowledge of factors determining this connection is still very limited. The immobility associated with prolonged bedrest is detrimental to health, affecting several systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and urinary. Effects of prolonged bedrest on the composition and functional properties of HDL remain elusive. We evaluated metrics of HDL composition and function in healthy male volunteers participating in a randomized, crossover head-down bedrest study. We observed that HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was profoundly decreased during bedrest, mediated by a bedrest associated reduction in plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol and major apolipoproteins (apo) apoA-I and apoA-II. Paraoxonase activity, plasma anti-oxidative capacity and the activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein were not affected. No change was observed in the content of HDL-associated serum amyloid A, a sensitive marker of inflammation. Resistive vibration exercise countermeasure during bedrest did not correct impaired cholesterol efflux capacity and only tended to increase arylesterase activity of HDL-associated paraoxonase. In conclusion, prolonged bedrest reduces plasma HDL levels linked to markedly suppressed HDL cholesterol efflux capacity. Resistive vibration exercise during bedrest did not correct HDL levels and impaired cholesterol efflux capacity.