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Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
Ruan, L, Cheng, SP, Zhu, QX
Nutrition and cancer. 2020;(3):398-408
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between fat intake and the risk of three major types of skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). A comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed to identify all relevant observational studies published up to December 1, 2018. Specific odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) estimates for the highest versus the lowest intake of dietary fat and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the included studies were pooled using random effect model. Three prospective cohort studies (175,675 participants and 30,915 BCC cases, 4,106 SCC cases and 1,638 CMM cases) and nine case-control studies (328 BCC cases, 493 SCC cases, 1,547 CMM cases and 2,660 controls) were identified. The pooled results indicated that dietary consumption of total fat and saturated fat were not associated with three major types of skin cancer. High consumption of monounsaturated fat was significantly associated with a decreased risk of BCC (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85-0.96) and high level of polyunsaturated fat intake was potentially positively associated with SCC (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.06-1.33). Our findings should be confirmed by further evidence from well-designed and large-scale prospective cohort studies.
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Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms With Melanoma Risk: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review.
Birke, M, Schöpe, J, Wagenpfeil, S, Vogt, T, Reichrath, J
Anticancer research. 2020;(2):583-595
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM: Increasing evidence indicates a relevance of the vitamin D endocrine system for pathogenesis of malignant melanoma. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to update previous reports that investigated the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and melanoma risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search (PubMed, ISI Web of Science) identified a total of 14 studies that were eligible for inclusion in our meta-analysis. In the statistical analysis, the ORs and the 95% CIs were calculated for the dominant and recessive models for seven VDR gene polymorphisms, namely rs2228570 (FokI), rs731236 (TaqI), rs1544410 (BsmI), rs4516035 (A-1012G), rs11568820 (Cdx2), rs7975232 (ApaI) and rs739837 (BglI). Results were illustrated in Forest Plots. Publication bias was tested using Funnel Plots and the Egger's test. RESULTS Our meta-analysis showed in the dominant model (Bb + BB vs. bb) a significant association of a 15% risk reduction in malignant melanoma incidence for carriers of the rarer allele B of rs1544410 (Bsml). Notably, the dominant model (Ff + ff vs. FF) of rs2228570 (FokI) demonstrates that carriers of the rarer allele f are 22% more likely to develop malignant melanoma. For rs7975232 (ApaI), there is a 20% higher risk of melanoma for carriers of the rarer a allele (Aa + aa vs. AA). The results of the meta-analysis revealed no significant association between melanoma risk and the other investigated VDR polymorphisms. CONCLUSION The VDR variants FokI, ApaI and BsmI may influence the susceptibility to developing melanoma. These findings support the concept, that the vitamin D endocrine system is of importance for pathogenesis of malignant melanoma.
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Genome-wide association meta-analyses combining multiple risk phenotypes provide insights into the genetic architecture of cutaneous melanoma susceptibility.
Landi, MT, Bishop, DT, MacGregor, S, Machiela, MJ, Stratigos, AJ, Ghiorzo, P, Brossard, M, Calista, D, Choi, J, Fargnoli, MC, et al
Nature genetics. 2020;(5):494-504
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Abstract
Most genetic susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma remains to be discovered. Meta-analysis genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36,760 cases of melanoma (67% newly genotyped) and 375,188 controls identified 54 significant (P < 5 × 10-8) loci with 68 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of risk estimates across geographical regions and host factors suggests the acral melanoma subtype is uniquely unrelated to pigmentation. Combining this meta-analysis with GWAS of nevus count and hair color, and transcriptome association approaches, uncovered 31 potential secondary loci for a total of 85 cutaneous melanoma susceptibility loci. These findings provide insights into cutaneous melanoma genetic architecture, reinforcing the importance of nevogenesis, pigmentation and telomere maintenance, together with identifying potential new pathways for cutaneous melanoma pathogenesis.
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Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and melanoma risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Micek, A, Godos, J, Lafranconi, A, Marranzano, M, Pajak, A
International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2018;(4):417-426
Abstract
To determine the association between total, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and melanoma risk a dose-response meta-analysis on prospective cohort studies were performed. Eligible studies were identified searching PubMed and EMBASE databases from the earliest available online indexing year to March 2017. The dose-response relationship was assessed by random-effects meta-analysis and the shape of the exposure-outcome curve was modelled linearly and using restricted cubic splines. A total of seven studies eligible for meta-analysis were identified that comprised 1,418,779 participants and 9211 melanoma cases. A linear dose-response meta-analysis showed a significant association between total coffee consumption and melanoma risk. An increase in coffee consumption of one cup per day was associated with a 3% reduction in melanoma risk (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99). Our findings suggest that coffee intake may be inversely associated with incidence of melanoma. Nevertheless, further studies exploring also the role of confounding factors are needed to explain the heterogeneity among studies.
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Use of Antihypertensive Drugs and Risk of Malignant Melanoma: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.
Tang, H, Fu, S, Zhai, S, Song, Y, Han, J
Drug safety. 2018;(2):161-169
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several antihypertensive drugs are photosensitizing and may promote the development of malignant melanoma (MM), but evidence remains inconsistent. We sought to quantify the association between use of antihypertensive drugs and MM risk. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL from inception to August 17, 2017 to identify observational studies that reported the MM risk associated with the use of antihypertensive drugs. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Overall, we included eight observational studies (two cohort studies and six case-control studies). Compared with non-use, use of diuretics (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.03-1.17) or β-adrenergic blocking agents (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.04-1.37) was significantly associated with increased risk of MM. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.95-1.23), angiotensin II receptor blockers (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.95-1.31), and calcium channel blockers (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.72-1.74) was not significantly associated with increased risk of MM. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence from observational studies suggests that use of diuretics or β-adrenergic blocking agents may be associated with increased risk of MM. Further large well-conducted prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Alcohol, alcoholic beverages, and melanoma risk: a systematic literature review and dose-response meta-analysis.
Gandini, S, Masala, G, Palli, D, Cavicchi, B, Saieva, C, Ermini, I, Baldini, F, Gnagnarella, P, Caini, S
European journal of nutrition. 2018;(7):2323-2332
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies in recent years have investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and melanoma risk, with conflicting results. To help clarify this issue, we conducted a literature review and dose-response meta-analysis of studies published until June 30th, 2017, that examined the association between alcohol intake (overall and by beverage type) and melanoma risk. METHODS We used random effect models with maximum likelihood estimation to calculate summary relative risk (SRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS We included 20 independent studies (encompassing 10,555 melanoma cases and over 1.6 million non-cases/controls) published during 1986-2016, of which six had a prospective cohort study design. Adjustment for phenotypic characteristics and sunlight exposure was performed in 11 and nine studies, respectively. Alcohol intake was moderately associated with melanoma risk: the SRR were 1.29 (95% CI 1.14-1.45) for those in the highest vs. lowest category of current alcohol intake, and 1.96 (95% CI 1.02-3.76, I2 = 0%) for cumulative intake. In the dose-response analysis, the increase in risk associated with a 10 g increment in daily alcohol intake was 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.11). Risk estimates did not differ by gender, study design and adjustment for confounders; between-studies heterogeneity was acceptable, and there was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that alcohol drinking may be moderately associated with increased melanoma risk, although residual confounding and bias cannot be ruled out. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, clarify the role of the different alcohol sources, and investigate the interaction with known melanoma risk factors.