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Effect of compression garments on muscle perfusion in delayed-onset muscle soreness: A quantitative analysis using intravoxel incoherent motion MR perfusion imaging.
Riexinger, A, Laun, FB, Höger, SA, Wiesmueller, M, Uder, M, Hensel, B, Forst, R, Hotfiel, T, Heiss, R
NMR in biomedicine. 2021;(6):e4487
Abstract
The aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the effect of compression garments under resting conditions and after the induction of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) by MR perfusion imaging using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM). Magnetic resonance imaging of both lower legs of 16 volunteers was performed before and after standardized eccentric exercises that induced DOMS. A compression garment (21-22 mmHg) was worn during and for 6 h after exercise on one randomly selected leg. IVIM MR imaging, represented as total muscle perfusion D*f, perfusion fraction f and tissue diffusivity D, were compared between baseline and directly, 30 min, 6 h and 48 h after exhausting exercise with and without compression. Creatine kinase levels and T2-weighted images were acquired at baseline and after 48 h. DOMS was induced in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (MGM) in all volunteers. Compression garments did not show any significant effect on IVIM perfusion parameters at any time point in the MGM or the tibialis anterior muscle (p > 0.05). Microvascular perfusion in the MGM increased significantly in both the compressed and noncompressed leg between baseline measurements and those taken directly after and 30 min after the exercise: the relative median f increased by 31.5% and 24.7% in the compressed and noncompressed leg, respectively, directly after the exercise compared with the baseline value. No significant change in tissue perfusion occurred 48 h after the induction of DOMS compared with baseline. It was concluded that compression garments (21-22 mmHg) do not alter microvascular muscle perfusion at rest, nor do they have any significant effect during the regeneration phase of DOMS. In DOMS, only a short-term effect of increased muscle perfusion (30 min after exercise) was observed, with normalization occurring during regeneration after 6-48 h. The normalization of perfusion independently of compression after 6 h may have implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and for the better understanding of pathophysiological pathways in DOMS.
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Efficacy of Compression Garments on Recovery From a Simulated Rugby Protocol.
Upton, CM, Brown, FCW, Hill, JA
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2017;(11):2977-2982
Abstract
Upton, CM, Brown, FC, and Hill, JA. Efficacy of compression garments on recovery from a simulated rugby protocol. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 2977-2982, 2017-The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of lower limb compression garments on recovery in club-level rugby players. Nineteen participants (age, 20.3 ± 1.7 years, height, 184.2 ± 7.5 cm, and body mass, 89.5 ± 9.9 kg) completed a rugby-specific, muscle-damaging protocol before being assigned to a compression garment group (n = 10) or a SHAM ("recovery" drink) treatment (n = 9). The compression group wore the garments for 48 hours after exercise, whereas SHAM consumed a sweetened, low energy drink within an hour of protocol completion. Perceived muscle soreness (PMS), creatine kinase (CK), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured at baseline, post, 24, and 48 hours after exercise. Perceived muscle soreness was significantly lower in the compression group compared with the SHAM group at both 24 and 48 hours after exercise (p ≤ 0.05). The compression group was also subject to lower CK values than SHAM, as demonstrated by a significant time by group effect (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant group effect for MVIC or CMJ (p > 0.05). Wearing compression garments after a rugby-specific, muscle-damaging protocol seems to reduce PMS and circulating concentrations of CK, suggesting improved recovery from muscle-damaging exercise.
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Effect of Caffeine on Perceived Soreness and Functionality Following an Endurance Cycling Event.
Caldwell, AR, Tucker, MA, Butts, CL, McDermott, BP, Vingren, JL, Kunces, LJ, Lee, EC, Munoz, CX, Williamson, KH, Armstrong, LE, et al
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2017;(3):638-643
Abstract
Caldwell, AR, Tucker, MA, Butts, CL, McDermott, BP, Vingren, JL, Kunces, LJ, Lee, EC, Munoz, CX, Williamson, KH, Armstrong, LE, and Ganio, MS. Effect of caffeine on perceived soreness and functionality following an endurance cycling event. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 638-643, 2017-Caffeine can reduce muscle pain during exercise; however, the efficacy of caffeine in improving muscle soreness and recovery from a demanding long-duration exercise bout has not been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine intake on ratings of perceived muscle soreness (RPMS) and perceived lower extremity functionality (LEF) following the completion of a 164-km endurance cycling event. Before and after cycling RPMS (1-to-6; 6 = severe soreness) and LEF (0-to-80; 80 = full functionality) were assessed by questionnaires. Subjects ingested 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or placebo pills in a randomized, double-blind fashion immediately after the ride and for the next 4 mornings (i.e., ∼800 hours) and 3 afternoons (i.e., ∼1200 hours). Before each ingestion, RPMS and LEF were assessed. Afternoon ratings of LEF were greater with caffeine ingestion the first day postride (65.0 ± 6.1 vs. 72.3 ± 6.7; for placebo and caffeine, respectively; p = 0.04), but at no other time points (p > 0.05). The caffeine group tended to have lower overall RPMS in the afternoon versus placebo (i.e., main effect of group; 1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.5 ± 0.2; p = 0.09). Afternoon RPMS for the legs was significantly lower in the caffeine group (main effect of caffeine; 1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 0.5 ± 0.3; p = 0.05). In conclusion, ingesting caffeine improved RPMS for the legs, but not LEF in the days following an endurance cycling event. Athletes may benefit from ingesting caffeine in the days following an arduous exercise bout to relieve feelings of soreness and reduced functionality.
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Muscle damage and repeated bout effect induced by enhanced eccentric squats.
Coratella, G, Chemello, A, Schena, F
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2016;(12):1540-1546
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle damage and repeated bout effect have been studied after pure eccentric-only exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate muscle damage and repeated bout effect induced by enhanced eccentric squat exercise using flywheel device. METHODS Thirteen healthy males volunteered for this study. Creatine kinase blood activity (CK), quadriceps isometric peak torque and muscle soreness were used as markers of muscle damage. The dependent parameters were measured at baseline, immediately after and each day up to 96 hours after the exercise session. The intervention consisted of 100 repetitions of enhanced eccentric squat exercise using flywheel device. The same protocol was repeated after 4 weeks. RESULTS After the first bout, CK and muscle soreness were significantly greater (P<0.05) than baseline respectively up to 72 and 96 hours. Isometric peak torque was significantly lower (P<0.05) up to 72 hours. After the second bout, CK showed no significant increase (P>0.05), while isometric peak torque and muscle soreness returned to values similar to baseline after respectively 48 and 72 hours. All muscle damage markers were significantly lower after second compared to first bout. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced eccentric exercise induced symptoms of muscle damage up to 96 hours. However, it provided muscle protection after the second bout, performed four weeks later. Although it was not eccentric-only exercise, the enhancement of eccentric phase provided muscle protection.
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The response of cortical alpha activity to pain and neuromuscular changes caused by exercise-induced muscle damage.
Plattner, K, Lambert, MI, Tam, N, Baumeister, J
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2014;(1):166-78
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by pain, swelling, and shortening of the muscle; increased serum creatine kinase; decreased force output; and altered neuromuscular function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EIMD to determine the relationship between the peripheral symptoms, neuromuscular changes, and delayed pain sensation during a submaximal movement of the biceps brachii on cortical alpha (α) activity. In contrast to the control (n = 12) group, the experimental (n = 16) group participated in an EIMD protocol, and both groups were monitored for 132 h post-EIMD protocol. At 12 h, neuromuscular functioning was already disturbed while the sensation of pain was perceived, but not fully developed. Muscle pain scores in the experimental group peaked after 36 h with the lowest torque reported at 12 h. α-1 activity increased significantly in the motor and somatosensory area 12 h post-EIMD while α-2 activity increased in the contralateral fronto-central area. At 36 h, pain had further increased and neuromuscular function improved while α-1 and α-2 activities had decreased. We hypothesize that α-1 activity over the motor and somatosensory cortex of the experimental group displays a compensatory increase in response to the changes in neuromuscular function during movement, while an increase in α-2 activity is related to the suppression of pain experienced within the first 12 h.