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Abiotic Stress and Belowground Microbiome: The Potential of Omics Approaches.
Sandrini, M, Nerva, L, Sillo, F, Balestrini, R, Chitarra, W, Zampieri, E
International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;(3)
Abstract
Nowadays, the worldwide agriculture is experiencing a transition process toward more sustainable production, which requires the reduction of chemical inputs and the preservation of microbiomes' richness and biodiversity. Plants are no longer considered as standalone entities, and the future of agriculture should be grounded on the study of plant-associated microorganisms and all their potentiality. Moreover, due to the climate change scenario and the resulting rising incidence of abiotic stresses, an innovative and environmentally friendly technique in agroecosystem management is required to support plants in facing hostile environments. Plant-associated microorganisms have shown a great attitude as a promising tool to improve agriculture sustainability and to deal with harsh environments. Several studies were carried out in recent years looking for some beneficial plant-associated microbes and, on the basis of them, it is evident that Actinomycetes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have shown a considerable number of positive effects on plants' fitness and health. Given the potential of these microorganisms and the effects of climate change, this review will be focused on their ability to support the plant during the interaction with abiotic stresses and on multi-omics techniques which can support researchers in unearthing the hidden world of plant-microbiome interactions. These associated microorganisms can increase plants' endurance of abiotic stresses through several mechanisms, such as growth-promoting traits or priming-mediated stress tolerance. Using a multi-omics approach, it will be possible to deepen these mechanisms and the dynamic of belowground microbiomes, gaining fundamental information to exploit them as staunch allies and innovative weapons against crop abiotic enemies threatening crops in the ongoing global climate change context.
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2.
Perception of lipo-chitooligosaccharides by the bioenergy crop Populus.
R Cope, K, B Irving, T, Chakraborty, S, Ané, JM
Plant signaling & behavior. 2021;(6):1903758
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Abstract
Populus sp. is a developing feedstock for second-generation biofuel production. To ensure its success as a sustainable biofuel source, it is essential to capitalize on the ability of Populus sp. to associate with beneficial plant-associated microbes (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi) and engineer Populus sp. to associate with non-native symbionts (e.g., rhizobia). Here, we review recent research into the molecular mechanisms that control ectomycorrhizal associations in Populus sp. with particular emphasis on the discovery that ectomycorrhizal fungi produce lipochitooligosaccharides capable of activating the common symbiosis pathway. We also present new evidence that lipo-chitooligosaccharides produced by both ectomycorrhizal fungi and various species of rhizobia that do not associate with Populus sp. can induce nuclear calcium spiking in the roots of Populus sp. Thus, we argue Populus sp. already possesses the molecular machinery necessary for perceiving rhizobia, and the next step in engineering symbiosis with rhizobia should be focused on inducing bacterial accommodation and nodule organogenesis. The gene Nodule INception is central to these processes, and several putative orthologs are present in Populus sp. Manipulating the promoters of these genes to match that of plants in the nitrogen-fixing clade may be sufficient to introduce nodulation in Populus sp.
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3.
A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses.
Banasiak, J, Jamruszka, T, Murray, JD, Jasiński, M
Plant physiology. 2021;(4):2071-2091
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Abstract
Most land plants live in close contact with beneficial soil microbes: the majority of land plant species establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while most legumes, the third largest plant family, can form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. These microbes contribute to plant nutrition via endosymbiotic processes that require modulating the expression and function of plant transporter systems. The efficient contribution of these symbionts involves precisely controlled integration of transport, which is enabled by the adaptability and plasticity of their transporters. Advances in our understanding of these systems, driven by functional genomics research, are rapidly filling the gap in knowledge about plant membrane transport involved in these plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we synthesize recent findings associated with different stages of these symbioses, from the pre-symbiotic stage to nutrient exchange, and describe the role of host transport systems in both mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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How mycorrhizal associations drive plant population and community biology.
Tedersoo, L, Bahram, M, Zobel, M
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2020;(6480)
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with a range of benefits, including mineral nutrients and protection from stress and pathogens. Here we synthesize current information about how the presence and type of mycorrhizal association affect plant communities. We argue that mycorrhizal fungi regulate seedling establishment and species coexistence through stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms such as soil nutrient partitioning, feedback to soil antagonists, differential mycorrhizal benefits, and nutrient trade. Mycorrhizal fungi have strong effects on plant population and community biology, with mycorrhizal type-specific effects on seed dispersal, seedling establishment, and soil niche differentiation, as well as interspecific and intraspecific competition and hence plant diversity.
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The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in C cycling: a review.
Parihar, M, Rakshit, A, Meena, VS, Gupta, VK, Rana, K, Choudhary, M, Tiwari, G, Mishra, PK, Pattanayak, A, Bisht, JK, et al
Archives of microbiology. 2020;(7):1581-1596
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) contribute predominantly to soil organic matter by creating a sink demand for plant C and distributing to below-ground hyphal biomass. The extra-radical hyphae along with glomalin-related soil protein significantly influence the soil carbon dynamics through their larger extent and turnover period need to discuss. The role of AMF is largely overlooked in terrestrial C cycling and climate change models despite their greater involvement in net primary productivity augmentation and further accumulation of this additional photosynthetic fixed C in the soil. However, this buffering mechanism against elevated CO2 condition to sequester extra C by AMF can be described only after considering their potential interaction with other microbes and associated mineral nutrients such as nitrogen cycling. In this article, we try to review the potential of AMF in C sequestration paving the way towards a better understanding of possible AMF mechanism by which C balance between biosphere and atmosphere can be moved forward in more positive direction.
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Productivity and quality of horticultural crops through co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting bacteria.
Emmanuel, OC, Babalola, OO
Microbiological research. 2020;:126569
Abstract
Associations between plants and microorganisms exist in nature, and they can either be beneficial or detrimental to host plants. Promoting beneficial plant-microbe interaction for increased crop yield and quality is one pathway to eco-friendly and sustainable crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are microorganisms that are beneficial to horticultural crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi establish symbioses with plant roots which help to improve nutrient uptake by the host plant and alter its physiology to withstand external abiotic factors and pathogens. Plant growth promoting bacteria promote plant growth either directly by aiding resource acquisition and controlling the levels of plant hormones or indirectly by reducing the inhibitory effects of phytopathogens. Co-inoculation of both organisms combines the benefits of each for increased crop productivity. Even though the co-inoculation of PGPB and AMF have been shown to enhance the yield and quality of crops, its benefits have fully not been exploited for horticultural crops. In this review, the response of horticultural crops to co-inoculation with PGPB and AMF with particular interest to the impact on the yield and crop quality was discussed. We explained some of the mechanisms responsible for the synergy between AMF and PGPB in plant growth promotion. Finally, suggestions on areas that need to be researched further to exploit and improve the effects of these organisms were highlighted.
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Direct and indirect influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on enhancing metal tolerance of plants.
Janeeshma, E, Puthur, JT
Archives of microbiology. 2020;(1):1-16
Abstract
The acerbic elevation of toxic metal ions in arable lands, enhance the risk of their accumulation and biomagnification in crops as well as in humans. Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly approach to clear metal-contaminated lands by making use of metal accumulation potential of plants; which are referred to as hyperaccumulators. This phytoremediation potential can be enhanced with the symbiotic association between the root of hyperaccumulators and arbuscular mycorrhizae. Modification of root morphology, enhancement of antioxidants biosynthesis, and the increase in shoot biomass are the changes observed in plants as a result of indirect influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae. Direct influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on enhancing metal tolerance of plants includes immobilization strategies, adsorption of metals on to the hyphal wall and glomalin exudation. Furthermore, we have discussed arbuscular mycorrhizal induced increment in the metal tolerance potential of plants through the alteration in various metabolic processes with special emphasis to the phenylpropanoid pathway.
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Significance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Acacia: A Review.
Saini, I, Himanshi, , Rani, K, Gill, N, Sandhu, K, Bisht, N, Kumar, T, Kaushik, P
Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS. 2020;(10):1231-1236
Abstract
Microbes play a vital role in ecosystem stability. Here, microbes-Acacia association is discussed with particular reference to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) which help in the establishment of crop-plants, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The association helps to restore the structural composition of soil from the hazardous impact of agrochemicals, increase resistance against various pathogenic attack as well as several abiotic stresses. Further, a comparative account of microbes found in the rhizosphere of Acacia is illustrated. Among these, Rhizobia, Acetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma were described in detail. All these microbes can be regarded as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizospheric Microbes (PGPM), some of PGPM are Phosphate Solubilizing Microbe (PSM). Both of them help AMF for infecting mycorrhizal hyphae inside the plant cell. Overall, microbes can be used as biofertilizers along with other organic compounds, that can compensate for the nutrient's availability.
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In Vivo Metabolic Regulation of Alternative Oxidase under Nutrient Deficiency-Interaction with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Bacteria.
Ortíz, J, Sanhueza, C, Romero-Munar, A, Hidalgo-Castellanos, J, Castro, C, Bascuñán-Godoy, L, Coba de la Peña, T, López-Gómez, M, Florez-Sarasa, I, Del-Saz, NF
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(12)
Abstract
The interaction of the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway with nutrient metabolism is important for understanding how respiration modulates ATP synthesis and carbon economy in plants under nutrient deficiency. Although AOX activity reduces the energy yield of respiration, this enzymatic activity is upregulated under stress conditions to maintain the functioning of primary metabolism. The in vivo metabolic regulation of AOX activity by phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) and during plant symbioses with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium bacteria is still not fully understood. We highlight several findings and open questions concerning the in vivo regulation of AOX activity and its impact on plant metabolism during P deficiency and symbiosis with AMF. We also highlight the need for the identification of which metabolic regulatory factors of AOX activity are related to N availability and nitrogen-fixing legume-rhizobia symbiosis in order to improve our understanding of N assimilation and biological nitrogen fixation.
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The role of nutrient balance in shaping plant root-fungal interactions: facts and speculation.
Fabiańska, I, Sosa-Lopez, E, Bucher, M
Current opinion in microbiology. 2019;:90-96
Abstract
Microbiota colonizing plant roots and their vicinity were shown not to be just random associations, but compose, at least to some extent, host-selected microbial consortia. The plant physiological status, especially the nutrient status, prompts changes in plant morphology and metabolism, which successively imposes a selective pressure on microbial communities. It is well established that a low phosphate status of the host plant activates the molecular machinery underlying the development of mutualistic associations in the host root with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We hypothesize that the plant´s response to changing nutrient stoichiometry affects processes at the root-mycosphere interface which promote or repress also root interactions with microbial taxa other than AMF. As a consequence, fundamental mechanisms underlying these interactions would be shared in AM host and non-host plants. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in maintenance of plant nutrient homeostasis could contribute to novel strategies in tailoring predominantly parasitic or commensalistic plant-microbe interactions towards beneficial associations.