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Amino acid kinetics and the response to nutrition in patients with cancer.
van der Meij, BS, Teleni, L, Engelen, MPKJ, Deutz, NEP
International journal of radiation biology. 2019;(4):480-492
Abstract
PURPOSE Amino acids are involved in many physiological processes in the body and serve as building blocks of proteins which are the main component of muscle mass. Often patients with cancer experience muscle wasting, which is associated with poor outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss amino acid kinetics in cancer, review the evidence on the response to nutrition in patients with cancer, and to give recommendations on the appropriate level of amino acid or protein intake in cancer. Current evidence shows that amino acid kinetics in patients with cancer are disturbed, as reflected by increased and decreased levels of plasma amino acids, an increased whole body turnover of protein and muscle protein breakdown. A few studies show beneficial effects of acute and short-term supplementation of high protein meals or essential amino acid mixtures on muscle protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Cancer is associated with disturbances in amino acid kinetics. A high protein intake or supplementation of amino acids may improve muscle protein synthesis. Future research needs to identify the optimal level and amino acid mixtures for patients with cancer, in particular for those who are malnourished.
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Switching from Conventional to Nano-natural Phytochemicals to Prevent and Treat Cancers: Special Emphasis on Resveratrol.
Salman Ul Islam, , Ahmed, MB, Mazhar Ul-Islam, , Shehzad, A, Lee, YS
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(34):3620-3632
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural phytochemicals and their derivatives have been used in medicine since prehistoric times. Natural phytochemicals have potential uses against various disorders, including cancers. However, due to low bioavailability, their success in clinical trials has not been reproduced. Nanotechnology has played a vital role in providing new directions for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of different disorders, and of cancer in particular. Nanotechnology has demonstrated the capability to deliver conventional natural products with poor solubility or a short half-life to target specific sites in the body and regulate the release of drugs. Among the natural products, the phytoalexin resveratrol has demonstrated therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects, as well as the potential to inhibit the initiation and promotion of cancer. However, low water solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism lead to poor bioavailability of resveratrol, hindering its potential. Conventional dosage forms of resveratrol, such as tablets, capsules, dry powder, and injections, have met with limited success. Nanoformulations are now being investigated to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics, as well as to enhance the bioavailability and targetability of resveratrol. OBJECTIVES This review details the therapeutic effectiveness, mode of action, and pharmacokinetic limitations of resveratrol, as well as discusses the successes and challenges of resveratrol nanoformulations. Modern nanotechnology techniques to enhance the encapsulation of resveratrol within nanoparticles and thereby enhance its therapeutic effects are emphasized. CONCLUSION To date, no resveratrol-based nanosystems are in clinical use, and this review would provide a new direction for further investigations on innovative nanodevices that could consolidate the anticancer potential of resveratrol.
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3.
Parenteral nutrition.
Bozzetti, F
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2019;:101-107
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18F-FDG PET-CT in paediatric oncology: established and emerging applications.
Chambers, G, Frood, R, Patel, C, Scarsbrook, A
The British journal of radiology. 2019;(1094):20180584
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Abstract
Accurate staging and response assessment is vital in the management of childhood malignancies. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG PET-CT) provides complimentary anatomical and functional information. Oncological applications of FDG PET-CT are not as well-established within the paediatric population compared to adults. This article will comprehensively review established oncological PET-CT applications in paediatric oncology and provide an overview of emerging and future developments in this domain.
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Recent Synthetic Approaches and Biological Evaluations of Amino Hexahydroquinolines and Their Spirocyclic Structures.
Abdelmoniem, AM, Mohamed, MF, Abdelmoniem, DM, Ghozlan, SAS, Abdelhamid, IA
Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry. 2019;(7):875-915
Abstract
In this review, the recent synthetic approaches of amino hexahydroquinolines and their spirocyclic structures were highlighted. The synthetic routes include, two-components, three-components or fourcomponents reactions. The two-component [3+3] atom combination reaction represents the simplest method. It involves Michael addition of the electron rich β-carbon of β-enaminones to the activated double bond of cinnamonitriles followed by cyclization to yield hexahydroquinoline compounds. The bioactivity profiles and SAR studies of these compounds were also reviewed with emphasis to the utility of these substances as antimicrobial, anticancer and antitubercular agents, as well as calcium channel modulators.
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The success and the challenge of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of cancer.
Ni, X, Hu, G, Cai, X
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;(sup1):S71-S80
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays important roles in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and embryonic development. The effects of ATRA are mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors as well as non-genomic signal pathway, such as MAPK and PKA. The great success of differentiation therapy with ATRA in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) not only improved the prognosis of APL but also spurred the studies of ATRA in the treatment of other tumors. Since the genetic and physiopathological simplicity of APL is not common in human malignancies, the combination of ATRA with other agents (chemotherapy, epigenetic modifiers, and arsenic trioxide, etc) had been extensively investigated in a variety of tumors. In this review, we will discuss in details about ATRA and its role in cancer treatment.
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Cutaneous radiation damage: updating a clinically challenging concern.
Hegedus, F, Schwartz, RA
Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia. 2019;(5):550-556
Abstract
Cutaneous radiation damage, commonly referred to as radiation dermatitis, is a finding of considerable concern. The exposure is often from radiation therapy, a double-edged sword, removing malignant cancer cells and improving the lives of countless patients, yet being locally destructive and potentially premalignant. Among its negative consequences and complications, radiation dermatitis, a potentially severe skin reaction that occurs after the receipt of radiation therapy, presents a clinical challenge today. There are two types of cutaneous radiation dermatitis: acute and chronic. Acute radiation dermatitis manifests within 90 days after the induction of radiation therapy while chronic radiation dermatitis develops beyond 90 days of radiation. There are many risk factors associated with radiation dermatitis which can be characterized as intrinsic, extrinsic, or both. Intrinsic risk factors include concurrent chemotherapy and targeted therapy, connective tissue and skin disorders, genetic and personal factors such as age, sex, smoking habits, and nutritional status. Extrinsic factors are mainly related to the type and dose of the radiation received. Treatment options have been enhanced in the last decade, providing patients with better outcomes and improved quality of life. Such treatments include topical ointments and therapies, oral enzymes, wound dressings and surgical treatments. This article aims to review the current medical understanding of radiation dermatitis, its risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment options.
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Copper Depletion as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer.
Lopez, J, Ramchandani, D, Vahdat, L
Metal ions in life sciences. 2019
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in a variety of basic biological functions, and serves as a key component in a number of copper-dependent enzymes that regulate such processes as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and motility. A growing body of preclinical work has demonstrated that copper is essential to metastatic cancer progression, and may have a role in tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the formation of the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche. As a result, copper depletion has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of metastatic cancer. We present a review of the physiologic role of copper with a discussion of relevant enzymes of the copper proteome in both normal tissue and in cancer. We conducted a comprehensive review of the available preclinical data of several copper chelation agents, including penicillamine, trientine, disulfiram, clioquinol, and tetrathiomolybdate (TM), across a variety of tumor types. We also present the existing early phase clinical trial data for the use of the copper chelator TM in the treatment of breast cancer and other malignancies.
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SLC22A5 (OCTN2) Carnitine Transporter-Indispensable for Cell Metabolism, a Jekyll and Hyde of Human Cancer.
Juraszek, B, Nałęcz, KA
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;(1)
Abstract
Oxidation of fatty acids uses l-carnitine to transport acyl moieties to mitochondria in a so-called carnitine shuttle. The process of β-oxidation also takes place in cancer cells. The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5). The expression of SLC22A5 is regulated by transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and estrogen receptor. Transporter delivery to the cell surface, as well as transport activity are controlled by OCTN2 interaction with other proteins, such as PDZ-domain containing proteins, protein phosphatase PP2A, caveolin-1, protein kinase C. SLC22A5 expression is altered in many types of cancer, giving an advantage to some of them by supplying carnitine for β-oxidation, thus providing an alternative to glucose source of energy for growth and proliferation. On the other hand, SLC22A5 can also transport several chemotherapeutics used in clinics, leading to cancer cell death.
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Strategies for Conjugation of Biomolecules to Nanoparticles as Tumor Targeting Agents.
Molavipordanjani, S, Hosseinimehr, SJ
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(37):3917-3926
Abstract
Combination of nanotechnology, biochemistry, chemistry and biotechnology provides the opportunity to design unique nanoparticles for tumor targeting, drug delivery, medical imaging and biosensing. Nanoparticles conjugated with biomolecules such as antibodies, peptides, vitamins and aptamer can resolve current challenges including low accumulation, internalization and retention at the target site in cancer diagnosis and therapy through active targeting. In this review, we focus on different strategies for conjugation of biomolecules to nanoparticles such as inorganic nanoparticles (iron oxide, gold, silica and carbon nanoparticles), liposomes, lipid and polymeric nanoparticles and their application in tumor targeting.