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1.
Targeting hallmarks of cancer with a food-system-based approach.
Lachance, JC, Radhakrishnan, S, Madiwale, G, Guerrier, S, Vanamala, JKP
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2020;:110563
Abstract
Although extensive resources are dedicated to the development and study of cancer drugs, the cancer burden is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decade. This highlights a critical need to develop effective, evidence-based strategies for countering the global rise in cancer incidence. Except in high-risk populations, cancer drugs are not generally suitable for use in cancer prevention owing to potential side effects and substantial monetary costs (Sporn, 2011). There is overwhelming epidemiological and experimental evidence that the dietary bioactive compounds found in whole plant-based foods have significant anticancer and chemopreventative properties. These bioactive compounds often exert pleiotropic effects and act synergistically to simultaneously target multiple pathways of cancer. Common bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables include carotenoids, glucosinolates, and polyphenols. These compounds have been shown to target multiple hallmarks of cancer in vitro and in vivo and potentially to address the diversity and heterogeneity of certain cancers. Although many studies have been conducted over the past 30 y, the scientific community has still not reached a consensus on exactly how the benefit of bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables can be best harnessed to help reduce the risk for cancer. Different stages of the food processing system, from "farm-to-fork," can affect the retention of bioactive compounds and thus the chemopreventative properties of whole foods, and there are opportunities to improve handling of foods throughout the stages in order to best retain their chemopreventative properties. Potential target stages include, but are not limited to, pre- and postharvest management, storage, processing, and consumer practices. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive food-system-based approach that not only taking into account the effects of the food system on anticancer activity of whole foods, but also exploring solutions for consumers, policymakers, processors, and producers. Improved knowledge about this area of the food system can help us adjust farm-to-fork operations in order to consistently and predictably deliver desired bioactive compounds, thus better utilizing them as invaluable chemopreventative tools in the fight to reduce the growing burden of cancer worldwide.
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2.
[Ketogenic diet – mechanism of action and perspectives for the use in the therapy: data from clinical studies].
Pondel, N, Liśkiewicz, D, Liśkiewicz, A
Postepy biochemii. 2020;(3):270-286
Abstract
Ketogenic diet is a high fat and very low-carbohydrate nutritional approach that induces increased production of ketone bodies, which serve as an alternative to glucose energetic substrates. Since almost a century ketogenic diet has been used in the therapy of refractory epilepsy, especially in children. Because of the pleiotropic effect of ketogenic diet on physiology, including inflammation, oxidative stress, energy balance and signaling pathways, in recent years scientists have been intensively exploring the use of it in the treatment of other diseases. In the present article current clinical studies regarding the possibility of using the ketogenic diet in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, neurological disorders and cancer has been reviewed alongside with potential mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effect of ketogenic diet in these diseases. The metabolic processes engaged in nutritional ketosis and practicals aspects of ketogenic dieting have been also discussed.
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3.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase (CYP27B1) Gene: The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Chronic Diseases.
Latacz, M, Snarska, J, Kostyra, E, Fiedorowicz, E, Savelkoul, HF, Grzybowski, R, Cieślińska, A
Nutrients. 2020;(3)
Abstract
: Vitamin D is widely known for its roles in the promotion of apoptosis and differentiation, with simultaneous inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Modern literature lacks complete information on polymorphisms in CYP27B1, the only enzyme capable of vitamin D activation. This review presents gathered data that relate to genetic variants in CYP27B1 gene in correlation to multiple diseases, mostly concerning colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as on other pathologies, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, oral lichen planus, or multiple sclerosis.
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4.
Current management of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in adults: key points and new challenges: Committee of Neoplastic Supportive-Care (CONS), China Anti-Cancer Association Committee of Clinical Chemotherapy, China Anti-Cancer Association.
Ba, Y, Shi, Y, Jiang, W, Feng, J, Cheng, Y, Xiao, L, Zhang, Q, Qiu, W, Xu, B, Xu, R, et al
Cancer biology & medicine. 2020;(4):896-909
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) is a potentially fatal and common complication in myelosuppressive chemotherapy. The timing and grade of CIN may play prognostic and predictive roles in cancer therapy. CIN is associated with older age, poor functional and nutritional status, the presence of significant comorbidities, the type of cancer, previous chemotherapy cycles, the stage of the disease, specific chemotherapy regimens, and combined therapies. There are many key points and new challenges in the management of CIN in adults including: (1) Genetic risk factors to evaluate the patient's risk for CIN remain unclear. However, these risk factors urgently need to be identified. (2) Febrile neutropenia (FN) remains one of the most common reasons for oncological emergency. No consensus nomogram for FN risk assessment has been established. (3) Different assessment tools [e.g., Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC), the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile Neutropenia (CISNE) score model, and other tools] have been suggested to help stratify the risk of complications in patients with FN. However, current tools have limitations. The CISNE score model is useful to support decision-making, especially for patients with stable FN. (4) There are still some challenges, including the benefits of granulocyte colony stimulating factor treatment and the optimal antibiotic regimen in emergency management of FN. In view of the current reports, our group discusses the key points, new challenges, and management of CIN.
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5.
Extracellular ATP: A Feasible Target for Cancer Therapy.
Vultaggio-Poma, V, Sarti, AC, Di Virgilio, F
Cells. 2020;(11)
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression depending on its concentration and on the specific ecto-nucleotidases and receptors expressed by immune and cancer cells. ATP can be released from cells via both specific and nonspecific pathways. A non-regulated release occurs from dying and damaged cells, whereas active release involves exocytotic granules, plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and membrane channels (connexin hemichannels, pannexin 1 (PANX1), calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) and maxi-anion channels (MACs)). Extracellular ATP acts at P2 purinergic receptors, among which P2X7R is a key mediator of the final ATP-dependent biological effects. Over the years, P2 receptor- or ecto-nucleotidase-targeting for cancer therapy has been proposed and actively investigated, while comparatively fewer studies have explored the suitability of TME ATP as a target. In this review, we briefly summarize the available evidence suggesting that TME ATP has a central role in determining tumor fate and is, therefore, a suitable target for cancer therapy.
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6.
Iron based nanotherapeutics for ferroptosis-induced cancer therapy.
Liu, YM, Chen, YH, Jin, YC, Tang, KZ
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2020;(21):11323-11333
Abstract
Traditional anti-cancer treatments are far from satisfactory. There is an urgent to combine new therapeutics with traditional treatments to improve anti-cancer effectiveness. Ferroptosis is a new type of iron dependent non-apoptotic cell death could still offer benefits to patients who failed in apoptosis and necroptosis induction treatment. Iron plays a vital role during ferroptosis induction. While iron is a double-edged sword in cancer treatment, tumor specific distribution of iron is especially important. Nanotechnology is an efficient way to help drugs targeting distribution. We intended to review the latest progress in ferroptosis and iron based nanotherapeutics. First, the relationship between ferroptosis and iron metabolism was reviewed briefly to demonstrate the central role of iron in ferroptosis induction. Second, the latest progress of iron-based nanotechnology was presented and discussed according to the different designs. Finally, the future expectations of iron based nanotherapeutics for ferroptosis were spotlighted.
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7.
Integrated diagnostics: the future of laboratory medicine?
Lippi, G, Plebani, M
Biochemia medica. 2020;(1):010501
Abstract
The current scenario of in vitro and in vivo diagnostics can be summarized using the "silo metaphor", where laboratory medicine, pathology and radiology are three conceptually separated diagnostic disciplines, which will increasingly share many comparable features. The substantial progresses in our understanding of biochemical-biological interplays that characterize many human diseases, coupled with extraordinary technical advances, are now generating important multidisciplinary convergences, leading the way to a new frontier, called integrated diagnostics. This new discipline, which is currently defined as convergence of imaging, pathology and laboratory tests with advanced information technology, has an enormous potential for revolutionizing diagnosis and therapeutic management of human diseases, including those causing the largest number of worldwide deaths (i.e. cardiovascular disease, cancer and infectious diseases). However, some important drawbacks should be overcome, mostly represented by insufficient information technology infrastructures, costs and enormous volume of different information that will be integrated and delivered. To overcome these hurdles, some specific strategies should be defined and implemented, such as planning major integration of exiting information systems or developing innovative ones, combining bioinformatics and imaging informatics, using health technology assessment for assessing cost and benefits, providing interpretative comments in integrated reports, developing and using expert systems and neural networks, overcoming cultural and political boundaries for generating multidisciplinary teams and integrated diagnostic algorithms.
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8.
Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of SR-B1 in solid tumors: A meta-analysis.
Wang, M, Chao, C, Luo, G, Wang, B, Zhan, X, Di, D, Qian, Y, Zhang, X
Pathology, research and practice. 2020;(4):152849
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of cell surface receptors is abnormal in malignant tumors. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) is an integral membrane glycoprotein receptor that facilitates the selective uptake of cholesterol by malignant cells. Accumulated studies investigated the prognostic role of SR-B1 in many solid tumors, such as breast cancer, lung cancer and so on. However, the conclusions remain undefined. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to obtain more accurate evaluation of prognostic significance of SR-B1 in solid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane library for eligible studies published before November 2018. The included studies investigated the association between the SR-B1 level and clinicopathological features including survival outcomes in solid tumors. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adopted to assess the survival outcomes and odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to evaluated the clinicopathological features. RESULTS A total of 10 studies involving 2585 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that low SR-B1 level was significantly correlated with earlier tumor grade (pooled OR = 2.09, 95%CI = 1.28-3.43, P = 0.001), less nodal involvement (pooled OR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.43-3.0, P < 0.001), less distant metastasis (OR = 19.8, 95%CI = 2.58-151.65, P = 0.004), smaller tumor size (OR = 2.34, 95%CI = 1.53-3.57, P < 0.001), earlier TNM stage (OR = 3.77, 95%CI = 1.67-8.48, P = 0.001), lower recurrence (HR = 1.98, 95%CI = 1.57-2.49, P = 0.000), and better OS (HR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.70-2.31, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION The low expression of SR-B1 was significantly associated with better clinicopathological status and longer survival in patients with solid tumors. SR-B1 might act as a promising prognostic biomarker for solid tumors.
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9.
[Progress in Clinical Research of Amide Proton Transfer Imaging].
Jia, X, Lai, C, Ma, X
Zhongguo yi liao qi xie za zhi = Chinese journal of medical instrumentation. 2020;(2):185-188
Abstract
As a new type of magnetic resonance imaging method, amide proton transfer (APT) imaging can detect the chemical exchange characteristics of free proprotein, peptide amide proton and water proton by water signal changes, reflecting the changes of protein and pH in tissues. In recent years, clinical research on brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, hepatic encephalopathy and cervical cancer have been carried out. It is a radiation-free and non-invasive new magnetic resonance molecular imaging technology. This study briefly reviews the principle of APT technology and its clinical application, and prospects its application prospects in children's abdominal tumors.
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10.
Supporting Those With the Most to Gain: The Potential of Exercise in oncology.
Sandler, CX, Toohey, K, Jones, TL, Hayes, SC, Spence, RR
Seminars in oncology nursing. 2020;(5):151074
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this commentary is to summarize the evidence of the feasibility and benefits of exercise for cancer patients with complex health profiles. Case studies are used to describe the therapeutic approach taken by exercise professionals. The information presented will assist the cancer care team in understanding their role in supporting these patients to move more. DATA SOURCES Professional organizations, peer-reviewed manuscripts, and expert clinical opinion. CONCLUSION Individually-tailored exercise is safe and feasible in the presence of complex health profiles, and all patients can benefit through exercise, regardless of individual circumstance or disease burden. However, to ensure patients benefit through physical activity, including exercise, a multidisciplinary approach, whereby all members of the health care team promote and encourage physical activity is needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE There is a clear need for collaboration between the oncology team and exercise professionals, particularly when dealing with patients with complex health profiles. These patients are more likely to engage in exercise when they are advised and supported by their oncology team to do so. As such, promotion of physical activity and, when relevant, referral to an exercise professional is the responsibility of all members of the cancer team.