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Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid Integrates Multiple Responses in Plant Development.
Jang, G, Yoon, Y, Choi, YD
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(1)
Abstract
To date, extensive studies have identified many classes of hormones in plants and revealed the specific, nonredundant signaling pathways for each hormone. However, plant hormone functions largely overlap in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses, suggesting that studying the crosstalk among plant hormones is key to understanding hormonal responses in plants. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is deeply involved in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that JA plays an essential role in the modulation of plant growth and development under stress conditions, and crosstalk between JA and other phytohormones involved in growth and development, such as gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, and auxin modulate various developmental processes. This review summarizes recent findings of JA crosstalk in the modulation of plant growth and development, focusing on JA-GA, JA-cytokinin, and JA-auxin crosstalk. The molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk are also discussed.
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2.
Brassinosteroids: Multidimensional Regulators of Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Responses.
Nolan, TM, Vukašinović, N, Liu, D, Russinova, E, Yin, Y
The Plant cell. 2020;(2):295-318
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Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of polyhydroxylated plant steroid hormones that are crucial for many aspects of a plant's life. BRs were originally characterized for their function in cell elongation, but it is becoming clear that they play major roles in plant growth, development, and responses to several stresses such as extreme temperatures and drought. A BR signaling pathway from cell surface receptors to central transcription factors has been well characterized. Here, we summarize recent progress toward understanding the BR pathway, including BR perception and the molecular mechanisms of BR signaling. Next, we discuss the roles of BRs in development and stress responses. Finally, we show how knowledge of the BR pathway is being applied to manipulate the growth and stress responses of crops. These studies highlight the complex regulation of BR signaling, multiple points of crosstalk between BRs and other hormones or stress responses, and the finely tuned spatiotemporal regulation of BR signaling.
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3.
Auxin-Abscisic Acid Interactions in Plant Growth and Development.
Emenecker, RJ, Strader, LC
Biomolecules. 2020;(2)
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Much research has gone into our understanding of individual plant hormones, focusing primarily on their mechanisms of action and the processes that they regulate. However, recent research has begun to focus on a more complex problem; how various plant hormones work together to regulate growth and developmental processes. In this review, we focus on two phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin. We begin with brief overviews of the hormones individually, followed by in depth analyses of interactions between auxin and ABA, focusing on interactions in individual tissues and how these interactions are occurring where possible. Finally, we end with a brief discussion and future prospects for the field.
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4.
Understanding the role of phytohormones in cotton fiber development through omic approaches; recent advances and future directions.
Wang, L, Wang, G, Long, L, Altunok, S, Feng, Z, Wang, D, Khawar, KM, Mujtaba, M
International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020;:1301-1313
Abstract
Cotton is among the most important fiber crops for the textile-based industry, thanks to its cellulose-rich mature fibers. The fiber initiation and elongation are one of the best models for deciphering mechanisms of single-cell differentiation and growth, that also target of fiber development programs. During the last couple of decades, high yielding omics approaches (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics), have helped in the identification of several genes and gene products involved in fiber development along with functional relationship to phytohormones. For example, MYB transcription factor family and Sus gene family have been evidenced by controlling cotton fiber initiation. Most importantly, the biosynthesis, responses, and transporting of phytohormones is documented to participate in the initiation of cotton fibers. Herein, in this review, the reliable genetic evidence by manipulating the above genes in cotton have been summarized to describe the relationships among key phytohormones, transcription factors, proteins, and downstream fiber growth-related genes such as Sus. The effect of other important factors such as ROS, fatty acid metabolism, and actin (globular multi-functional proteins) over fiber development has also been discussed. The challenges and deficiencies in the research of cotton fiber development have been mentioned along with a future perspective to discover new crucial genes using multiple omics analysis.
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5.
Plant growth-regulating molecules as thermoprotectants: functional relevance and prospects for improving heat tolerance in food crops.
Sharma, L, Priya, M, Kaushal, N, Bhandhari, K, Chaudhary, S, Dhankher, OP, Prasad, PVV, Siddique, KHM, Nayyar, H
Journal of experimental botany. 2020;(2):569-594
Abstract
Among various abiotic stresses, heat stress is one of the most damaging, threatening plant productivity and survival all over the world. Warmer temperatures due to climatic anomalies above optimum growing temperatures have detrimental impacts on crop yield potential as well as plant distribution patterns. Heat stress affects overall plant metabolism in terms of physiology, biochemistry, and gene expression. Membrane damage, protein degradation, enzyme inactivation, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species are some of the harmful effects of heat stress that cause injury to various cellular compartments. Although plants are equipped with various defense strategies to counteract these adversities, their defensive means are not sufficient to defend against the ever-rising temperatures. Hence, substantial yield losses have been observed in all crop species under heat stress. Here, we describe the involvement of various plant growth-regulators (PGRs) (hormones, polyamines, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other signaling molecules) in thermotolerance, through diverse cellular mechanisms that protect cells under heat stress. Several studies involving the exogenous application of PGRs to heat-stressed plants have demonstrated their role in imparting tolerance, suggesting the strong potential of these molecules in improving the performance of food crops grown under high temperature.
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6.
Roles of YABBY transcription factors in the modulation of morphogenesis, development, and phytohormone and stress responses in plants.
Zhang, T, Li, C, Li, D, Liu, Y, Yang, X
Journal of plant research. 2020;(6):751-763
Abstract
The YABBY family is a class of plant-specific transcription factors comprising a typical N-terminal C2C2-type zinc finger domain and a C-terminal helix-loop-helix YABBY domain. YABBY transcription factors play important roles in multiple biological processes, including polarity establishment in plant leaves, the formation and development of reproductive organs, the response to plant hormone signals, resistance to stress, crop breeding and agricultural production. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the roles, functions and value of the YABBY family in plants, with particular emphasis on new insights into the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in the YABBY-mediated modulation of polarity establishment, morphogenesis and development, and phytohormone and stress responses in plants. In addition, we propose that this transcription factor family presents great value and potential for research, application and development in crop breeding and agricultural production in the future.
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7.
The physiology of plant responses to drought.
Gupta, A, Rico-Medina, A, Caño-Delgado, AI
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2020;(6488):266-269
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Abstract
Drought alone causes more annual loss in crop yield than all pathogens combined. To adapt to moisture gradients in soil, plants alter their physiology, modify root growth and architecture, and close stomata on their aboveground segments. These tissue-specific responses modify the flux of cellular signals, resulting in early flowering or stunted growth and, often, reduced yield. Physiological and molecular analyses of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have identified phytohormone signaling as key for regulating the response to drought or water insufficiency. Here we discuss how engineering hormone signaling in specific cells and cellular domains can facilitate improved plant responses to drought. We explore current knowledge and future questions central to the quest to produce high-yield, drought-resistant crops.
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8.
Homeostasis of histone acetylation is critical for auxin signaling and root morphogenesis.
Nguyen, CT, Tran, GB, Nguyen, NH
Plant molecular biology. 2020;(1-2):1-7
Abstract
The auxin signaling and root morphogenesis are harmoniously controlled by two counteracted teams including (1) auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-histone deacetylase (HDA) and (2) auxin response factor (ARF)-histone acetyltransferase (HAT). The involvement of histone acetylation in the regulation of transcription was firstly reported a few decades ago. In planta, auxin is the first hormone group that was discovered and it is also the most studied phytohormone. Current studies have elucidated the functions of histone acetylation in the modulation of auxin signaling as well as in the regulation of root morphogenesis under both normal and stress conditions. Based on the recent outcomes, this review is to provide a hierarchical view about the functions of histone acetylation in auxin signaling and root morphogenesis. In this report, we suggest that the auxin signaling must be controlled harmoniously by two counteracted teams including (1) auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-histone deacetylase (HDA) and (2) auxin response factor (ARF)-histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Moreover, the balance in auxin signaling is very critical to contribute to normal root morphogenesis.
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9.
Regulation of auxin transcriptional responses.
Powers, SK, Strader, LC
Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 2020;(4):483-495
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a signaling molecule to regulate a vast number of developmental responses throughout all stages of plant growth. Tight control and coordination of auxin signaling is required for the generation of specific auxin-response outputs. The nuclear auxin signaling pathway controls auxin-responsive gene transcription through the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX pathway. Recent work has uncovered important details into how regulation of auxin signaling components can generate unique and specific responses to determine auxin outputs. In this review, we discuss what is known about the core auxin signaling components and explore mechanisms important for regulating auxin response specificity.
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10.
Caulonema differentiation in Funaria protonema.
Johri, MM
The International journal of developmental biology. 2020;(1-2-3):21-28
Abstract
The strategies and experimental approaches that led the author to demonstrate the role of auxin in caulonema differentiation in the protonema of the moss Funaria hygrometrica are discussed. In stationary suspension cultures, the status of cell differentiation is regulated by inoculum cell density and auxin level. At low inoculum cell densities, 2-5 µM indole acetic acid (IAA) led to the differentiation of 65-70% caulonema filaments in 5-6 days. Caulonema can also differentiate in auxin-free medium if buffered at pH 5.0 after a lag of 6±1 days. The duration of lag can be manipulated and the cells are capable of responding to auxin at a higher level (3-10 µM) and produce about 20% caulonema after 3 days. This responsiveness or sensitivity to auxin can be enhanced further by growing cells in a nutrient-limited medium buffered at pH 5.0. In this medium, addition of 3 µM IAA led to the differentiation of 75-80% caulonema and rhizoids within 3 to 4 days. Work done in other laboratories has shown that auxin promotes caulonema differentiation in the moss Physcomitrella patens by positively regulating two basic helix-loop-helix type of transcription factor genes namely root hair defective six-like1 (PpRSL1) and PpRSL2 (Jang and Dolan 2011, New Phytologist 192: 319-327).