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Replacing Saturated Fats with Unsaturated Fats from Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Lowers Atherogenic Lipoprotein Classes Without Increasing Lipoprotein(a).
Tindall, AM, Kris-Etherton, PM, Petersen, KS
The Journal of nutrition. 2020;(4):818-825
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Walnuts have established lipid-/lipoprotein-lowering properties; however, their effect on lipoprotein subclasses has not been investigated. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which walnuts improve lipid/lipoprotein concentrations are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine, as exploratory outcomes of this trial, the effect of replacing SFAs with unsaturated fats from walnuts or vegetable oils on lipoprotein subclasses, cholesterol efflux, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). METHODS A randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study was conducted in individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (n = 34; 62% men; mean ± SD age 44 ± 10 y; BMI: 30.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2). After a 2-wk run-in diet (12% SFAs, 7% PUFAs, 12% MUFAs), subjects consumed the following diets, in randomized order, for 6 wk: 1) walnut diet (WD) [57-99 g/d walnuts, 7% SFAs, 16% PUFAs [2.7% α-linolenic acid (ALA)], 9% MUFAs]; 2) walnut fatty acid-matched diet [7% SFAs, 16% PUFAs (2.6% ALA), 9% MUFAs]; and 3) oleic acid replaces ALA diet (ORAD) [7% SFAs, 14% PUFAs (0.4% ALA); 12% MUFAs] (all percentages listed are of total kilocalories ). Serum collected after the run-in (baseline) and each diet period was analyzed for lipoprotein classes and subclasses (vertical auto profile), cholesterol efflux, and PCSK9. Linear mixed models were used for data analysis. RESULTS Compared with the ORAD, total cholesterol (mean ± SEM -8.9± 2.3 mg/dL; -5.1%; P < 0.001), non-HDL cholesterol (-7.4 ± 2.0 mg/dL; -5.4%; P = 0.001), and LDL cholesterol (-6.9 ± 1.9 mg/dL; -6.5%; P = 0.001) were lower after the WD; no other pairwise differences existed. There were no between-diet differences for HDL-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol subclasses. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], cholesterol efflux, and PCSK9 were unchanged after the diets. CONCLUSIONS In individuals at risk of CVD, replacement of SFAs with unsaturated fats from walnuts or vegetable oils improved lipid/lipoprotein classes, including LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, without an increase in Lp(a). These improvements were not explained by changes in cholesterol efflux capacity or PCSK9. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01235832.
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The best route of administration of lavender for anxiety: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Sayed, AM, Morsy, S, Tawfik, GM, Naveed, S, Minh-Duc, NT, Hieu, TH, Ali, ZA, Shinkar, A, Doheim, MF, Hashan, MR, et al
General hospital psychiatry. 2020;:33-40
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is preliminary evidence for lavender as an anxiolytic agent through various routes of administration. Our goal is to elucidate the best route of administration for lavender as a treatment for anxiety. METHODS Thirteen electronic search engines were systematically scanned for relevant publications. The relevant articles were included after the title and abstract screening followed by the full-text screening. This study included randomized control trials reporting lavender for the treatment of anxiety. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017076711). Frequentist network meta-analysis and Bayesian meta-regression were conducted to report the best treatment modality and the effect of covariates on the effectiveness as an anxiolytic. Treatment arms were ordered according P-scores, where higher P-score indicates better treatment choice. RESULTS Forty studies were eligible for qualitative analysis, and 32 were included in quantitative analysis. Lavender aromatherapy was the best approach for the treatment of anxiety among other lavender modalities at the first week recording [Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) = -0.57, 95% CI (-1.14-0.01), P-score = 0.72], in addition to achieve at the first time points [SMD = -0, 95% CI (-0.97 ̶ -0.16), P-score = 0.69], compared to placebo; however, lavender massage along with foot bath were found to be the most efficacious for anxiety treatment at the study endpoint [SMD = -1.10, 95% CI = (-7.41 ̶ 5.21), P-score = 0.65]. Furthermore, network meta-regression revealed that the duration of therapy influenced treatment, suggesting Silexan (oral lavender) 80 mg (first rank probability = .116) as the favorable option for anxiety in long-term treatment. CONCLUSIONS Lavender aromatherapy is, clinically, superior in short-duration, while Silexan (oral lavender) 80 mg is preferable for long-term treatment of anxiety.
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Towards Thermally Reversible Networks Based on Furan-Functionalization of Jatropha Oil.
Yuliati, F, Deuss, PJ, Heeres, HJ, Picchioni, F
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;(16)
Abstract
A novel biobased monomer for the preparation of thermally reversible networks based on the Diels-Alder reaction was synthesized from jatropha oil. The oil was epoxidized and subsequently reacted with furfurylamine to attach furan groups via an epoxide ring opening reaction. However, furfurylamine also reacted with the ester groups of the triglycerides via aminolysis, thus resulting in short-chain molecules that ultimately yielded brittle thermally reversible polymers upon cross-linking via a Diels-Alder reaction. A full-factorial experimental design was used in finding the optimum conditions to minimize ester aminolysis and to maximize the epoxide ring opening reaction as well as the number of furans attached to the modified oil. The optimum conditions were determined experimentally and were found to be 80 °C, 24 h, 1:1 molar ratio, with 50 mol % of LiBr with respect to the modified oil, resulting in 35% of ester conversion, 99% of epoxide conversion, and an average of 1.32 furans/triglyceride. Ultimately, further optimization by a statistical approach led to an average of 2.19 furans per triglyceride, which eventually yielded a flexible network upon cross-linking via a Diels-Alder reaction instead of the brittle one obtained when the furan-functionalization reaction was not optimized.
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Oregano Essential Oil Interactions with Photogenerated Singlet Molecular Oxygen.
Dimarco Palencia, FCD, Muñoz, VA, Posadaz, AC, Cifuente, DA, Miskoski, S, Ferrari, GV, García, NA, Montaña, MP
Photochemistry and photobiology. 2020;(5):1005-1013
Abstract
Essential oils are a mixture of volatile compounds, products of the secondary metabolism of plants. Once extracted, they can be deteriorated losing their organoleptic and therapeutic properties due to various environmental factors, being light exposure in aerobic conditions the main cause. In this work, the oregano essential oil extraction and characterization from Origanum vulgare plants grown in the experimental field of the FTU-UNSL and its photodegradation in MeOH:H2 O 60:40 v/v solvent were studied. Characterization by EIMS and NIST Mass Spectrometry indicates the main compounds of oregano essential oil, quantified in the extracted oil by GC-MS, are carvacrol (7.14%) and thymol (47.37%). Degradation of essential oil and its two major components can be caused by reactive oxygen species photogenerated from endogenous sensitizers as riboflavin. Our results suggest degradation occurs involving singlet molecular oxygen. Interaction of carvacrol and thymol with singlet oxygen is mainly a physical process, while essential oil has an important reactive component, which indicates there might be other constituents which could contribute to reactive photoprotection. The effect of simultaneous presence of oregano essential oil and tryptophan amino acid-used as a photooxidizable model under riboflavin-photosensitizing conditions-was studied in order to evaluate the possible photoprotection exerted by the essential oil.
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Combined consumption of a single high-dose vitamin A supplement with provision of vitamin A fortified oil to households maintains adequate milk retinol concentrations for 6 months in lactating Moroccan women.
Atalhi, N, El Hamdouchi, A, Barkat, A, Elkari, K, Hamrani, A, El Mzibri, M, Haskell, MJ, Mokhtar, N, Aguenaou, H
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2020;(3):275-282
Abstract
In Morocco, postpartum women systematically receive a single, high dose of vitamin A (VA; 200 000 IU) within the first month of giving birth and vegetable oil is fortified to increase the VA intake. The efficacy of this combined approach of supplementation and fortification for increasing maternal VA status during lactation is not known. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of postpartum high dose VA supplementation and provision of VA fortified oil for household consumption on plasma and milk retinol concentrations of lactating Moroccan women during the first 6 months after giving birth. Postpartum women aged 19-40 years received a VA supplement and thereafter were randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive weekly vitamin A fortified oil (FO) or non-fortified oil (NFO) for 6 months. Serum retinol concentration was higher in the FO group than in the NFO group at 6 months after giving birth (p < 0.0001). Milk retinol per gram fat at baseline did not differ by group; by 3 months after giving birth, milk retinol per gram fat was higher in the FO group than in the NFO group (p = 0.02) and remained higher throughout the 6 months (p < 0.0001). The combination of supplementation and fortification has a more sustained impact on milk retinol concentrations than supplementation alone, which did not have a sustained impact on milk VA concentrations. The fortification approach seems to be more effective for maintaining adequate milk VA concentrations among lactating Moroccan women. Fortification seems to be a long-term solution for the problem of VA deficiency, especially among women in low-income communities.
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Effect of Nigella sativa oil supplement on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Kooshki, A, Tofighiyan, T, Rastgoo, N, Rakhshani, MH, Miri, M
Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2020;(10):2706-2711
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa oil on serum level of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was based on 50 patients with T2DM. Patients were allocated randomly to either N. sativa oil or placebo groups. The intervention group received 1,000 mg N. sativa oil as two capsules, daily for 8 weeks, whereas the placebo group received a corresponding placebo. At baseline and the end of the study, 5 ml blood was collected from each patient after 14-hour fasting for measuring serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), FBS, and lipid profile. Analyses covariance was performed to compare investigated parameters between two groups, controlled for relevant covariates. Using N. sativa supplement was significantly associated with decrease in FBS (p < .001), triglyceride (p < .001), total cholesterol (p < .001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < .001), serum hs-CRP, MDA (p < .001) and increase in serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < .001) in intervention group compared with placebo group. Nigella sativa oil supplement has cardiovascular protective effects in patients with T2DM, by improving the lipid profile and glycemia, by reducing the C-reactive protein level and the lipid peroxidation.
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Effect of evening primrose oil supplementation on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Khorshidi, M, Zarezadeh, M, Moradi Moghaddam, O, Emami, MR, Kord-Varkaneh, H, Mousavi, SM, Alizadeh, S, Heshmati, J, Olang, B, Aryaeian, N
Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2020;(10):2628-2638
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that evening primrose oil (EPO) supplementation might be effective in improving lipid profile, however, the results are inconsistent. This study was performed to determine the direction and magnitude of the EPO effect on the lipid profile. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched up to September-2019. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model. Lipid profile including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was considered as the primary outcome. RESULTS A total of 926 articles were identified through database searching, of which, six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. There were six studies on HDL, TC, and TG and four studies on LDL. EPO supplementation had no significant effect on TC, TG, LDL, and HDL. However, in subgroup analysis, a significant reduction in TG at a dose of ≤4 g/day (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -37.28 mg/dl; 95% CI: -73.53 to -1.03, p = .044) and a significant increase in HDL in hyperlipidemic subjects (WMD = 5.468 mg/dl; 95% CI: 1.323 to 9.614, p = .010) was found. CONCLUSION Oral intake of EPO at a dose of ≤4 g/day significantly reduces serum TG levels and significantly increases HDL levels in hyperlipidemic subjects.
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The Efficacy of Topical Basil Essential Oil on Relieving Migraine Headaches: A Randomized Triple-Blind Study.
Ahmadifard, M, Yarahmadi, S, Ardalan, A, Ebrahimzadeh, F, Bahrami, P, Sheikhi, E
Complementary medicine research. 2020;(5):310-318
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complementary therapies have been increasingly used for the prevention and treatment of migraine so that there is a need for studies in this setting. This study sought to determine the effects of basil essential oil on the severity and frequency of migraine attack headaches. METHODS A triple-blind clinical trial study was performed on 144 patients diagnosed with migraine. Patients were randomly allocated by a stratified method to four groups of 36 titled basil essential oil 2, 4, 6%, and placebo groups. Medications were used topically every 8 h for 3 successive months. In addition, each individual received 325 mg of acetaminophen every 12 h. The severity and frequency of migraine attacks were measured prior to the study, at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. The visual analog scale was used to measure pain intensity. The marginal model and generalized estimation equations were used to compare changes in the intensity and frequency of pain over time. RESULTS The interaction of the dose and time factors was significant on both pain intensity (p < 0.001) and frequency of attack (p < 0.001). The odds ratio of higher pain intensity and rate ratio of higher frequency of attack in the intervention groups compared to the placebo group were decreased over the study time. CONCLUSION Time lapse and higher doses of basil essential oil would reduce both the intensity and frequency of migraine attacks.
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Study of Cold-Pressed Tobacco Seed Oil Properties by Gas Chromatography Method.
Ashirov, MZ, Datkhayev, UM, Myrzakozha, DA, Sato, H, Zhakipbekov, KS, Rakhymbayev, NA, Sadykov, BN
TheScientificWorldJournal. 2020;:8852724
Abstract
A special place among vegetable oils was occupied by natural tobacco oil. Natural tobacco oil in folk medicine is used as an antiseptic and antibacterial agent. To determine the possible alternative use of tobacco, the seeds representing Kazakhstan tobacco cultivars, extracted from ground Nicotiana tabacum seeds, were investigated by using the cold press. The quality of the oil was assessed in terms of free fatty acid content. The percentage oil yield was 36.75 ± 0.50%. Tobacco seed oil is highly unsaturated, nonacidic, and would require little purification. The oil can be used for the production of soap, antiwrinkle cream for the face, hair shampoo, shoe cream, and as a high-resolution base oil for perfumes and light industry and can be commercialized due to its high oil yield, for use as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Prospective clinical trial examining the impact of genetic variation in FADS1 on the metabolism of linoleic acid- and ɣ-linolenic acid-containing botanical oils.
Sergeant, S, Hallmark, B, Mathias, RA, Mustin, TL, Ivester, P, Bohannon, ML, Ruczinski, I, Johnstone, L, Seeds, MC, Chilton, FH
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2020;(5):1068-1078
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexplained heterogeneity in clinical trials has resulted in questions regarding the effectiveness of ɣ-linolenic acid (GLA)-containing botanical oil supplements. This heterogeneity may be explained by genetic variation within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster that is associated with circulating and tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA) and dihomo-ɣ-linolenic acid (DGLA), both of which may be synthesized from GLA and result in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory metabolites, respectively. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to prospectively compare the capacity of a non-Hispanic white cohort, stratified by FADS genotype at the key single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174537, to metabolize 18-carbon omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs in borage oil (BO) and soybean oil (SO) to GLA, DGLA, and ARA. METHODS Healthy adults (n = 64) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover intervention. Individuals received encapsulated BO (Borago officinalis L.; 37% LA and 23% GLA) or SO [Glycine max (L.) Merr.; 50% LA and 0% GLA] for 4 wk, followed by an 8-wk washout period, before consuming the opposite oil for 4 wk. Serum lipids and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein) were assessed for both oil types at baseline and during weeks 2 and 4 of the intervention. RESULTS SO supplementation failed to alter circulating concentrations of any n-6 long-chain PUFAs. In contrast, a modest daily dose of BO elevated serum concentrations of GLA and DGLA in an rs174537 genotype-dependent manner. In particular, DGLA increased by 57% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.79) in GG genotype individuals, but by 141% (95% CI: 1.03, 2.85) in TT individuals. For ARA, baseline concentrations varied substantially by genotype and increased modestly with BO supplementation, suggesting a key role for FADS variation in the balance of DGLA and ARA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study clearly suggest that personalized and population-based approaches considering FADS genetic variation may be necessary to optimize the design of future clinical studies with GLA-containing oils. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02337231.