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Polysaccharides at fluid interfaces of food systems.
Kontogiorgos, V
Advances in colloid and interface science. 2019;:28-37
Abstract
Fabrication of next generation polysaccharides with interfacial properties is driven by the need to create high performance surfactants that operate at extreme environments, as for example in complex food formulations or in the gastrointestinal tract. The present review examines the behaviour of polysaccharides at fluid food interfaces focusing on their performance in the absence of any other intentionally added interfacially active components. Relevant theoretical principles of colloidal stabilisation using concepts that have been developed for synthetic polymers at interfaces are firstly introduced. The role of protein that in most cases is present in polysaccharide preparations either as contaminant or as integral part of the structure is also discussed. Critical assessment of the literature reveals that although protein may contribute to emulsion formation mostly as an anchor for polysaccharides to attach, it is not the determinant factor for the long-term emulsion stability, irrespectively of polysaccharide structure. Interfacial performance of key polysaccharides is also assessed revealing shared characteristics in their modes of adsorption. Conformation of polysaccharides, as affected by the composition of the aqueous solvent needs to be closely controlled, as it seems to be the underlying fundamental cause of stabilisation events and appears to be more important than the constituent polysaccharide sugar-monomers. Finally, polysaccharide adsorption is better understood by regarding them as copolymers, as this approach may assist to better control their properties with the aim to create the next generation biosurfactants.
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2.
Bioactive Algal-Derived Polysaccharides: Multi-Functionalization, Therapeutic Potential and Biomedical Applications.
Muhamad, II, Zulkifli, N, Selvakumaran, SA, Lazim, NAM
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(11):1147-1162
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the utilization of polysaccharides showing biological activity for various novel applications owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and some specific therapeutic activities. Increasing studies have started in the past few years to develop algal polysaccharides-based biomaterials for various applications. METHODS Saccharide mapping or enzymatic profiling plays a role in quality control of polysaccharides. Whereby, in vitro and in vivo tests as well as toxicity level discriminating polysaccharides biological activities. Extraction and purification methods are performed in obtaining algal derived polysaccharides followed by chromatographic profiles of their active compounds, structural features, physicochemical properties, and reported biological activities. RESULTS Marine algae are capable of synthesizing Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and non-GAGs or GAG mimetics such as sulfated glycans. The cell walls of algae are rich in sulfated polysaccharides, including alginate, carrageenan, ulvan and fucoidan. These biopolymers are widely used algal-derived polysaccharides for biological and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and availability. They constitute biochemical compounds that have multi-functionalization, therapeutic potential and immunomodulatory abilities, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of biomedical applications. CONCLUSION Algal-derived polysaccharides with clearly elucidated compositions/structures, identified cellular activities, as well as desirable physical properties have shown the potential that may create new opportunities. They could be maximally exploited to serve as therapeutic tools such as immunoregulatory agents or drug delivery vehicles. Hence, novel strategies could be applied to tailor multi-functionalization of the polysaccharides from algal species with vast biomedical application potentials.
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3.
Recent advances in engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for utilization of hemicellulosic biomass.
Choi, JW, Jeon, EJ, Jeong, KJ
Current opinion in biotechnology. 2019;:17-24
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum has been mainly used for industrial production of amino acids, and in recent years, it has also been successfully engineered to broaden its range of substrate and product profiles. In particular, C. glutamicum has been engineered to use non-natural sugar substrates (mainly pentoses) derived from hemicellulosic feedstock, which is the second abundant component of lignocellulosic biomass. Engineering of the host in this context can greatly contribute to the development of an economic and sustainable bioprocess. The present review focuses on the recent progress in engineering C. glutamicum towards efficient utilization of pentose sugars derived in hemicellulose and for direct utilization of hemicellulose. In addition, use of C. glutamicum as a biocatalyst for bioconversion of low-value sugars derived from hemicellulose to high-value product has been reviewed.
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Sulfated Polysaccharides from Macroalgae for Bone Tissue Regeneration.
Venkatesan, J, Anil, S, Rao, S, Bhatnagar, I, Kim, SK
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(11):1200-1209
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of macroalgae has gained much attention in the field of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food and bioenergy. Macroalgae has been widely consumed in Asian countries as food from ancient days and proved that it has potential bioactive compounds which are responsible for its nutritional properties. Macroalgae consists of a diverse range of bioactive compounds including proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, etc. Polysaccharides from macroalgae have been utilized in food industries as gelling agents and drug excipients in the pharmaceutical industries owing to their biocompatibility and gel forming properties. Exploration of macroalgae derived sulfated polysaccharides in biomedical applications is increasing recently. METHODS In the current review, we have provided information of three different sulfated polysaccharides such as carrageenan, fucoidan and ulvan and their isolation procedure (enzymatic precipitation, microwave assisted method, and enzymatic hydrolysis method), structural details, and their biomedical applications exclusively for bone tissue repair and regeneration. RESULTS From the scientific results on sulfated polysaccharides from macroalgae, we conclude that sulfated polysaccharides have exceptional properties in terms of hydrogel-forming ability, scaffold formation, and mimicking the extracellular matrix, increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, enhancement of biomineralization ability and stem cell differentiation for bone tissue regeneration. CONCLUSION Overall, sulfated polysaccharides from macroalgae may be promising biomaterials in bone tissue repair and regeneration.
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Translational glycobiology: from bench to bedside.
Axford, J, Alavi, A, Cummings, R, Lauc, G, Opdenakker, G, Reis, C, Rudd, P
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2019;(10):424-427
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Abstract
The importance of sugars to protein function is real and is of significant clinical relevance. Technology advances enable large population studies to be carried out, shedding light on individual sugar variation and variations with time. Three-dimensional mass spectroscopy on solid pathological specimens is going to open up a whole new world of pathology visualisation. The door is now open to exploit carbohydrate recognition in new therapeutics by identifying novel biomarkers in cancer to aid diagnosis, and also providing therapeutic targets for treatment. Glycan age correlates with biological age. This means we can map the reversal of biological age with exercise and diet.
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Glycan utilisation system in Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria and their roles in gut stability and health.
Singh, RP
Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2019;(18):7287-7315
Abstract
Gut residential hundred trillion microbial cells are indispensable for maintaining gut homeostasis and impact on host physiology, development and immune systems. Many of them have displayed excellence in utilising dietary- and host-derived complex glycans and are producing useful postbiotics including short-chain fatty acids to primarily fuel different organs of the host. Therefore, employing individual microbiota is nowadays becoming a propitious target in biomedical for improving gut dysbiosis conditions of the host. Among other gut microbial communities, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria are coevolved to utilise diverse ranges of diet- and host-derived glycans through harmonising distinct glycan utilisation systems. These gut symbionts frequently share digested oligosaccharides, carbohydrate-active enzymes and fermentable intermediate molecules for sustaining gut microbial symbiosis and improving fitness of own or other communities. Genomics approaches have provided unprecedented insights into these functions, but their precise mechanisms of action have poorly known. Sympathetic glycan-utilising strategy of each gut commensal will provide overview of mechanistic dynamic nature of the gut environment and will then assist in applying aptly personalised nutritional therapy. Thus, the review critically summarises cutting edge understanding of major plant- and host-derived glycan-utilising systems of Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria. Their evolutionary adaptation to gut environment and roles of postbiotics in human health are also highlighted.
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Plant α-amylase inhibitors and their effect on the utilization of polysaccharides contained in the diet.
Kurhajec, S, Franc, A
Ceska a Slovenska farmacie : casopis Ceske farmaceuticke spolecnosti a Slovenske farmaceuticke spolecnosti. 2019;(4):148-156
Abstract
Development of civilization diseases such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome or obesity, enforces the increasing effort to find new drugs, especially from natural sources. These include α-amylase inhibitors, which break down polysacharides into simple sugars in the body of a healthy person. As this cleavage affects the level of blood sugar, which is sought to be therapeutically influenced, there is a growing interest in these substances. This review maps the types of amylase inhibitors, including their natural resources.
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Resistant Maltodextrin and Metabolic Syndrome: A Review.
Astina, J, Sapwarobol, S
Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2019;(4):380-385
Abstract
Resistant maltodextrin is a non-viscous dietary fiber that is fermentable in the colon by colonic bacteria. The objective of this review is to summarize the studies of resistant maltodextrin and its effect on metabolic profile, such as blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight. Several studies support the idea that resistant maltodextrin may improve blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and obesity. However, the use of resistant maltodextrin should be limited to minimize the adverse effect on the gastrointestinal system. This review provides information regarding the benefits of resistant maltodextrin on metabolic health as well as its proposed mechanism to enhance the knowledge of this novel fiber. Key teaching points Resistant maltodextrin is a novel non-viscous dietary fiber classified as resistant starch type V that is produced by debranching of the starch structure. Resistant maltodextrin is fermentable in the colon and thus produces short-chain fatty acid. Resistant maltodextrin helps to maintain blood and lipid profiles as well as promote satiety and reducing food intake. High intake of resistant maltodextrin may cause gastrointestinal discomfort due to the gas production and increased osmotic pressure.
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Okara Improved Blood Glucose Level in Vietnamese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Nguyen, LT, Nguyen, TH, Nguyen, LT, Kamoshita, S, Tran, TP, LE, HT, Shimura, F, Yamamoto, S
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2019;(1):60-65
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasing rapidly in Vietnam. We hypothesized that the main reason may be low fiber intake. Regarding sources, fiber comes mainly from vegetables. However, vegetables popular in Vietnam have low fiber (<2 g fiber/100 g vegetable), so it is difficult to supply sufficient fiber only from vegetables. Therefore, in this study we tried to increase fiber intake a day by using 60 g of Okara foods, containing about 6 g of fiber per day, and assess the effects on the blood glucose levels of DM patients. We contacted 300 type 2 DM outpatients at a hospital and selected 60 of them. We formed 30 pairs matched by gender, age, BMI and years with DM and divided them randomly into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group consumed about 6 g of fiber from Okara per day for 2 wk. At the baseline and final periods, anthropometric measurements, blood withdrawal and a 3-d weighing method nutrition survey were conducted. Dietary fiber intake increased from 6.9 to 12.6 g (p<0.01) in the intervention group, but there was no change in the control group. Fasting blood glucose and fructosamine in the intervention group dropped from 6.3 to 5.4 mmol/L (p<0.05) and from 319 to 301 μmol/L (p<0.05), respectively but they remained unchanged in the control group. Vietnamese people consumed about 60 g of Okara per day from various menus and increased fiber intake to 6 g/d in 2 wk, which improved blood glucose in DM patients.
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Immunoglobulin A N-glycosylation Presents Important Body Fluid-specific Variations in Lactating Mothers.
Goonatilleke, E, Smilowitz, JT, Mariño, KV, German, BJ, Lebrilla, CB, Barboza, M
Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP. 2019;(11):2165-2177
Abstract
Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is central to mucosal immunity: represents one of the main immunological mechanisms of defense against the potential attack of pathogens. During lactation SIgA is produced by plasmablasts in the mammary gland and is present in breast milk, playing a vital role in the passive immunity of the newborn. Interestingly, the different components of SIgA are highly N-glycosylated, and these N-Glycans have an essential role in health maintenance. In this work, we performed a glycomic study to compare N-glycosylation of SIgA purified from mature breast milk and saliva, and plasma IgA from the same lactating participants. Our results revealed a greater diversity than previously reported, with 89 glycan compositions that may correspond to over 250 structures. Among these glycans, 54 glycan compositions were characterized as body-fluid specific. Most of these unique N-Glycan compositions identified in SIgA from mature milk and IgA from plasma were fucosylated and both fucosylated and sialylated species, whereas in salivary SIgA the unique structures were mainly undecorated complex N-Glycans. In addition, we evaluated the effect of delivery mode on (S)IgA glycosylation. Lactating participants who had given birth by vaginal delivery presented an increased proportion of high mannose and fucosylated glycans in salivary SIgA, and selected high mannose, fucosylated, sialylated, and both fucosylated and sialylated glycans in plasma IgA, indicating that the hormonal changes during vaginal delivery could affect plasma and saliva IgA. These results reveal the structural details that provide a new dimension to the roles of (S)IgA N-Glycans in different tissues, and especially in maternal and new-born protection and infant development. The design of optimal recombinant IgA molecules specifically targeted to protect mucosal surfaces will need to include this dimension of structural detail.