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1.
The Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Lessons Learned From Other Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases.
Knox, NC, Forbes, JD, Peterson, CL, Van Domselaar, G, Bernstein, CN
The American journal of gastroenterology. 2019;(7):1051-1070
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease. Aided by advances in sequencing technologies and analytical methods, recent research has shown the healthy gut microbiome to possess considerable diversity and functional capacity. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of not only diseases that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract but also other less obvious diseases, including neurologic, rheumatologic, metabolic, hepatic, and other illnesses. Chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) represent a group of diseases that share many underlying etiological factors including genetics, aberrant immunological responses, and environmental factors. Gut dysbiosis has been reported to be common to IMIDs as a whole, and much effort is currently being directed toward elucidating microbiome-mediated disease mechanisms and their implications for causality. In this review, we discuss gut microbiome studies in several IMIDs and show how these studies can inform our understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease.
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2.
[The problem of decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers from the microbiologist's point of view (review of literature).].
Melnikov, VG, Villena, J, Kombarova, SY
Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika. 2019;(11):693-699
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically persists on the nasal mucosa, and also causes serious diseases in carriers (endogenous infection) and in patients in a hospital (nosocomial infection). Decolonization of nasal carriers of S. aureus is an important measure aimed at reducing the incidence of staphylococcal infections. Carriage is a form of nasal dysbiosis, therefore, the effectiveness of antibiotics for the decolonization of carriers, by definition, is low. The review discusses the prospects of using probiotics to restore the nasal microbiota. The commercial production of nasal probiotics has not yet been established, but developments in this direction are being carried out in different countries. The experimental substantiation of the possibility of using corynebacteria and other representatives of the nasal microbiota for the decolonization of staphylococcal carriers is presented, as well as the authors' ideas on how to improve the methods of microbial therapy. In particular, it was proposed to use biofilm probiotics, autoprobiotics, and autovaccines for this purpose.
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3.
Effect of Probiotics Supplementations on Health Status of Athletes.
Sivamaruthi, BS, Kesika, P, Chaiyasut, C
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;(22)
Abstract
Athletes are prone to several health complications, including upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, and gastrointestinal discomforts during practice and after the performance due to the intense exercise, travel, insufficient rest and restricted food consumption. Probiotics are well known as complementary therapeutic and health supplements for several diseases and disorders. Studies suggest that the intervention of probiotics improved the health status of elite athletes, but the results are not consistent in all the studies. The beneficial effect of probiotic supplementation profoundly relies on species or strain, dose, duration, form, and host physiology. The manuscript summarizes the effect of probiotic supplementation on health status of athletes. The literature was collected from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the search term "probiotic and athletes". As per the literature survey, probiotic supplementation improved the intestinal permeability, immune system, intestinal microbiota, inflammatory system, reduced the severity and incidence of respiratory tract infections, and duration of gastrointestinal symptoms. Several studies were conducted on Lactobacillus species and the outcomes were found to be species- or strain-specific. More studies are required to know the detailed mechanism behind the beneficial effect of probiotic intervention in athletes. Further studies are desired on formulation and optimization of probiotic supplements to develop generalized and personalized sports supplements to boost the overall health and enactment of elite athletes.
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4.
A Review on Role of Microbiome in Obesity and Antiobesity Properties of Probiotic Supplements.
Sivamaruthi, BS, Kesika, P, Suganthy, N, Chaiyasut, C
BioMed research international. 2019;:3291367
Abstract
Probiotics are now recognized for several health benefits and they have been recommended as a complementary therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders. Obesity is an altered health condition, which is a resultant of irregular energy intake and energy balance, changes in gut microbiota, and improper diet with the influence of genetic makeup and environmental factors. Several studies revealed the influence of probiotic supplementation on obesity-associated consequences in vitro, in vivo, and in human clinical studies. The current manuscript discussed the factors influencing the occurrence of obesity, the interplay between microbiome and obesity, the effect of the probiotic intervention on the health status of obese people, and possible mechanism of antiobesity activity of probiotics. The literature survey revealed that the antiobese activity of probiotics might be associated with their ability to alter the intestinal microbiota, remodeling of energy metabolism, alter the expression of genes related to thermogenesis, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism, and change the parasympathetic nerve activity. Further intense research is necessary to figure out the best probiotic or synbiotic mixture and optimum dosage and duration of the intervention to reduce obesity and prevent the recurring of obese condition.
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5.
Gut microbiota and bipolar disorder: a review of mechanisms and potential targets for adjunctive therapy.
Gondalia, S, Parkinson, L, Stough, C, Scholey, A
Psychopharmacology. 2019;(5):1433-1443
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that connections formed between microbiome, the gut, and the brain play a role in health and well-being. Non-pharmaceutical targets for management of mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, are relatively under-researched. At the same time, it is clear that there is an intimate connection between psychiatry and gastrointestinal health. Here, we have discussed various comorbid conditions associated with bipolar disorders such as inflammation, irritable bowel disease and antibiotic induced mania with importance to demonstrate possible involvement of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota-targeted preclinical and clinical interventions have demonstrated enhancement in various psychological conditions. Further in this review, we explore links between bipolar disorder, inflammation and gut microbiome with a focus on dietary, pro- and pre-biotic interventions as potential adjuvant therapies for use in the management of mood disorders such as bipolar disorder.
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6.
The good bugs: the use of probiotics in pediatrics.
Sansotta, N, Peroni, DG, Romano, S, Rugiano, A, Vuilleumier, P, Baviera, G, ,
Current opinion in pediatrics. 2019;(5):661-669
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing evidence encouraging the use of probiotics in many conditions in children. However, given the wide number of probiotics available and contradictory data in the literature, the health-care provider is often faced with uncertainness about whether or not to use probiotics and which one(s) to choose. We here review current hypotheses regarding the efficacy and safety of probiotics and evaluate the available data on the use of probiotics in most common diseases in children. Considering that probiotics have strain-specific effects, we will focus on individual probiotic strains rather than on probiotics in general. RECENT FINDINGS Strain-specific efficacy was clearly demonstrated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii I-745 in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infantile colics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and VSL#3 in irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, encouraging results are seen for use of probiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis, food allergy, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the data available for constipation are to be considered somewhat equivocal. SUMMARY The clinical relevance of these findings indicates that healthcare providers need to take strain-specificity and disease specificity of probiotics into consideration when recommending probiotic for their patients.
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7.
The immunomodulatory role of probiotics in allergy therapy.
Hajavi, J, Esmaeili, SA, Varasteh, AR, Vazini, H, Atabati, H, Mardani, F, Momtazi-Borojeni, AA, Hashemi, M, Sankian, M, Sahebkar, A
Journal of cellular physiology. 2019;(3):2386-2398
Abstract
The increased incidence of allergic disorders may be the result of a relative fall in microbial induction in the intestinal immune system during infancy and early childhood. Probiotics have recently been proposed as viable microorganisms for the prevention and treatment of specific allergic diseases. Different mechanisms have been considered for this probiotic property, such as generation of cytokines from activated pro-T-helper type 1 after bacterial contact. However, the effects of its immunomodulatory potential require validation for clinical applications. This review will focus on the currently available data on the benefits of probiotics in allergy disease.
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8.
A review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype?
Khalesi, S, Bellissimo, N, Vandelanotte, C, Williams, S, Stanley, D, Irwin, C
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2019;(1):24-37
Abstract
Probiotic supplements have a positive impact on several health outcomes. However, the majority of published studies have focused on populations with specific health pathologies. Therefore, this study reviewed the current literature on the health effects of probiotic consumption in "healthy adults." The findings from this review may help guide consumers, researchers, and manufacturers regarding probiotic supplementation. Relevant literature published between 1990 and August 2017 was reviewed. Studies were included if they were experimental trials, included healthy adults, used live bacteria, and had accessible full-text articles published in English. Included studies were classified according to common foci that emerged. Forty-five studies were included in this review. Five foci emerged: gut microbiota changes (n = 15); immune system response (n = 16); lipid profile and cardiovascular disease risk (n = 14); gastrointestinal discomfort (n = 11); and female reproductive health (n = 4). Results suggest that probiotic supplementation in healthy adults can lead to transient improvement in gut microbiota concentration of supplement-specific bacteria. Evidence also supports the role of probiotics in improving immune system responses, stool consistency, bowel movement, and vaginal lactobacilli concentration. There is insufficient evidence to support the role of probiotics to improve blood lipid profile. Probiotic consumption can improve in the immune, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive health systems in healthy adults. However, this review failed to support the ability of probiotics to cause persistent changes in gut microbiota, or improve lipid profile in healthy adults. The feasibility of probiotics consumption to provide benefits in healthy adults requires further investigation.
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9.
Irritable bowel syndrome and colonic diverticular disease: overlapping symptoms and overlapping therapeutic approaches.
Alamo, RZ, Quigley, EMM
Current opinion in gastroenterology. 2019;(1):27-33
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common symptomatic disorder in the Western world and colonic diverticula are also prevalent; however, relationships between IBS-type symptoms and diverticula have been a source of much debate. Our goal was to reassess these relationships in the light of new data. RECENT FINDINGS On removing from consideration clinical scenarios which are directly related to diverticula (i.e., diverticulitis, diverticular hemorrhage, and complications of diverticulitis, such as stricture and fistula), relationships between IBS and diverticula can be seen to revolve around a number of questions. First, are IBS and symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) the same condition? Or, in other words is SUDD no more than IBS in an individual who just happens to have diverticula? Although coincident IBS and diverticula inevitably do occur there is some evidence to indicate that SUDD may be somewhat distinctive with SUDD being characterized by more frequent and severe pain. Second, and analogous to interactions between IBS and inflammatory bowel disease or celiac disease, can an episode of acute diverticulitis lead to the de novo development of IBS? There is now epidemiological and pathophysiological evidence to support this occurrence. SUMMARY Although relationships between uncomplicated diverticular disease and IBS have been reexamined their status remains unclear. As yet, however, none of the newer concepts related to this relationship have led to new therapeutic approaches in IBS or diverticular disease.
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10.
Preterm Birth, Inflammation and Infection: New Alternative Strategies for their Prevention.
Muñoz-Pérez, VM, Ortiz, MI, Cariño-Cortés, R, Fernández-Martínez, E, Rocha-Zavaleta, L, Bautista-Ávila, M
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology. 2019;(5):354-365
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, the progress in reducing neonatal mortality has been very slow. The rate of preterm birth has increased over the last 20 years in low-income and middle-income countries. Its association with increased mortality and morbidity is based on experimental studies and neonatal outcomes from countries with socioeconomic differences, which have considered implementing alternative healthcare strategies to prevent and reduce preterm births. METHODS Currently, there is no widely effective strategy to prevent preterm birth. Pharmacological therapies are directed at inhibiting myometrial contractions to prolong parturition. Some drugs, medicinal plants and microorganisms possess myorelaxant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that have proved useful in preventing preterm birth associated with inflammation and infection. RESULTS This review focuses on the existing literature regarding the use of different drugs, medicinal plants, and microorganisms that show promising benefits for the prevention of preterm birth associated with inflammation and infection. New alternative strategies involving the use of PDE-4 inhibitors, medicinal plants and probiotics could have a great impact on improving prenatal and neonatal outcomes and give babies the best start in life, ensuring lifelong health benefits. CONCLUSION Despite promising results from well-documented cases, only a small number of these alternative strategies have been studied in clinical trials. The development of new drugs and the use of medicinal plants and probiotics for the treatment and/or prevention of preterm birth is an area of growing interest due to their potential therapeutic benefits in the field of gynecology and obstetrics.