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1.
Foods with Potential Prooxidant and Antioxidant Effects Involved in Parkinson's Disease.
Miranda-Díaz, AG, García-Sánchez, A, Cardona-Muñoz, EG
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020;:6281454
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress appears to be responsible for the gradual dysfunction that manifests via numerous cellular pathways throughout PD progression. This review will describe the prooxidant effect of excessive consumption of processed food. Processed meat can affect health due to its high sodium content, advanced lipid oxidation end-products, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. During cooking, lipids can react with proteins to form advanced end-products of lipid oxidation. Excessive consumption of different types of carbohydrates is a risk factor for PD. The antioxidant effects of some foods in the regular diet provide an inconclusive interpretation of the environment's mechanisms with the modulation of oxidation stress-induced PD. Some antioxidant molecules are known whose primary mechanism is the neuroprotective effect. The melatonin mechanism consists of neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing antioxidant enzyme's expression and activity. N-acetylcysteine protects against the development of PD by restoring levels of brain glutathione. The balanced administration of vitamin B3, ascorbic acid, vitamin D and the intake of caffeine every day seem beneficial for brain health in PD. Excessive chocolate intake could have adverse effects in PD patients. The findings reported to date do not provide clear benefits for a possible efficient therapeutic intervention by consuming the nutrients that are consumed regularly.
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2.
Rapid systemic signaling during abiotic and biotic stresses: is the ROS wave master of all trades?
Fichman, Y, Mittler, R
The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology. 2020;(5):887-896
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Abstract
Rapidly communicating the perception of an abiotic stress event, wounding or pathogen infection, from its initial site of occurrence to the entire plant, i.e. rapid systemic signaling, is essential for successful plant acclimation and defense. Recent studies highlighted an important role for several rapid whole-plant systemic signals in mediating plant acclimation and defense during different abiotic and biotic stresses. These include calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydraulic and electric waves. Although the role of some of these signals in inducing and coordinating whole-plant systemic responses was demonstrated, many questions related to their mode of action, routes of propagation and integration remain unanswered. In addition, it is unclear how these signals convey specificity to the systemic response, and how are they integrated under conditions of stress combination. Here we highlight many of these questions, as well as provide a proposed model for systemic signal integration, focusing on the ROS wave.
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Dual Character of Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Halogen Species: Endogenous Sources, Interconversions and Neutralization.
Moldogazieva, NT, Mokhosoev, IM, Mel'nikova, TI, Zavadskiy, SP, Kuz'menko, AN, Terentiev, AA
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 2020;(Suppl 1):S56-S78
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen species (ROS, RNS, and RHS, respectively) causes the damage of cells and biomolecules. However, over the long evolutionary time, living organisms have developed the mechanisms for adaptation to oxidative stress conditions including the activity of the antioxidant system (AOS), which maintains low intracellular levels of RONS (ROS and RNS) and RHS. Moreover, living organisms have adapted to use low concentrations of these electrophiles for the regulation of cell functions through the reversible post-translational chemical modifications of redox-sensitive amino acid residues in intracellular effectors of signal transduction pathways (protein kinases and protein phosphatases), transcription factors, etc. An important fine-tuning mechanism that ensures involvement of RONS and RHS in the regulation of physiological processes is interconversion between different reactive species. This review focuses on the complex networks of interacting RONS and RHS types and their endogenous sources, such as NOX family of NADPH oxidases, complexes I and III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NO synthases, cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenase system, xanthine oxidoreductase, and myeloperoxidases. We highlight that kinetic parameters of reactions involving RONS and RHS determine the effects of these reactive species on cell functions. We also describe the functioning of enzymatic and non-enzymatic AOS components and the mechanisms of RONS and RHS scavenging under physiological conditions. We believe that analysis of interactions between RONS and relationships between different endogenous sources of these compounds will contribute to better understanding of their role in the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis as well as initiation and progression of diseases.
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The balancing act of NEET proteins: Iron, ROS, calcium and metabolism.
Nechushtai, R, Karmi, O, Zuo, K, Marjault, HB, Darash-Yahana, M, Sohn, YS, King, SD, Zandalinas, SI, Carloni, P, Mittler, R
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research. 2020;(11):118805
Abstract
NEET proteins belong to a highly conserved group of [2Fe-2S] proteins found across all kingdoms of life. Due to their unique [2Fe2S] cluster structure, they play a key role in the regulation of many different redox and oxidation processes. In eukaryotes, NEET proteins are localized to the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrial-associated membranes connecting these organelles (MAM), and are involved in the control of multiple processes, ranging from autophagy and apoptosis to ferroptosis, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, redox control and iron and iron‑sulfur homeostasis. Through their different functions and interactions with key proteins such as VDAC and Bcl-2, NEET proteins coordinate different mitochondrial, MAM, ER and cytosolic processes and functions and regulate major signaling molecules such as calcium and reactive oxygen species. Owing to their central role in cells, NEET proteins are associated with numerous human maladies including cancer, metabolic diseases, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, a new and exciting role for NEET proteins was uncovered, i.e., the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and morphology. This new role places NEET proteins at the forefront of studies into cancer and different metabolic diseases, both associated with the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Here we review recent studies focused on the evolution, biological role, and structure of NEET proteins, as well as discuss different studies conducted on NEET proteins function using transgenic organisms. We further discuss the different strategies used in the development of drugs that target NEET proteins, and link these with the different roles of NEET proteins in cells.
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Quantitative Redox Biology of Exercise.
Nikolaidis, MG, Margaritelis, NV, Matsakas, A
International journal of sports medicine. 2020;(10):633-645
Abstract
Biology is rich in claims that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are involved in every biological process and disease. However, many quantitative aspects of redox biology remain elusive. The important quantitative parameters you need to address the feasibility of redox reactions in vivo are: rate of formation and consumption of a reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, half-life, diffusibility and membrane permeability. In the first part, we explain the basic chemical kinetics concepts and algebraic equations required to perform "street fighting" quantitative analysis. In the second part, we provide key numbers to help thinking about sizes, concentrations, rates and other important quantities that describe the major oxidants (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) and antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione). In the third part, we present the quantitative effect of exercise on superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide concentration in mitochondria and whole muscle and calculate how much hydrogen peroxide concentration needs to increase to transduce signalling. By taking into consideration the quantitative aspects of redox biology we can: i) refine the broad understanding of this research area, ii) design better future studies and facilitate comparisons among studies, and iii) define more efficiently the "borders" between cellular signaling and stress.
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Venous Thrombosis.
Gutmann, C, Siow, R, Gwozdz, AM, Saha, P, Smith, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(6)
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have physiological roles as second messengers, but can also exert detrimental modifications on DNA, proteins and lipids if resulting from enhanced generation or reduced antioxidant defense (oxidative stress). Venous thrombus (DVT) formation and resolution are influenced by ROS through modulation of the coagulation, fibrinolysis, proteolysis and the complement system, as well as the regulation of effector cells such as platelets, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes and fibroblasts. Many conditions that carry an elevated risk of venous thrombosis, such as the Antiphospholipid Syndrome, have alterations in their redox homeostasis. Dietary and pharmacological antioxidants can modulate several important processes involved in DVT formation, but their overall effect is unknown and there are no recommendations regarding their use. The development of novel antioxidant treatments that aim to abrogate the formation of DVT or promote its resolution will depend on the identification of targets that enable ROS modulation confined to their site of interest in order to prevent off-target effects on physiological redox mechanisms. Subgroups of patients with increased systemic oxidative stress might benefit from unspecific antioxidant treatment, but more clinical studies are needed to bring clarity to this issue.
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7.
Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents.
Kopustinskiene, DM, Jakstas, V, Savickas, A, Bernatoniene, J
Nutrients. 2020;(2)
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds subdivided into 6 groups: isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, flavones and anthocyanidins found in a variety of plants. Fruits, vegetables, plant-derived beverages such as green tea, wine and cocoa-based products are the main dietary sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids have been shown to possess a wide variety of anticancer effects: they modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme activities, participate in arresting the cell cycle, induce apoptosis, autophagy, and suppress cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Flavonoids have dual action regarding ROS homeostasis-they act as antioxidants under normal conditions and are potent pro-oxidants in cancer cells triggering the apoptotic pathways and downregulating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. This article reviews the biochemical properties and bioavailability of flavonoids, their anticancer activity and its mechanisms of action.
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Effects of Salicylic Acid on the Metabolism of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants.
Poór, P
Biomolecules. 2020;(2)
Abstract
Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cell organelles such as in mitochondria, resulting in oxidative stress, inducing defense responses or programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In response to oxidative stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing the antioxidant system, increasing the activity of alternative oxidase and degrading the oxidized proteins. Oxidative stress responses are orchestrated by several phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). The biomolecule SA is a key regulator in mitochondria-mediated defense signaling and PCD, but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in mitochondrial ROS metabolism is summarized to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the subcellular level in plant defense responses.
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ROS and Ions in Cell Signaling during Sexual Plant Reproduction.
Breygina, M, Klimenko, E
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(24)
Abstract
Pollen grain is a unique haploid organism characterized by two key physiological processes: activation of metabolism upon exiting dormancy and polar tube growth. In gymnosperms and flowering plants, these processes occur in different time frames and exhibit important features; identification of similarities and differences is still in the active phase. In angiosperms, the growth of male gametophyte is directed and controlled by its microenvironment, while in gymnosperms it is relatively autonomous. Recent reviews have detailed aspects of interaction between angiosperm female tissues and pollen such as interactions between peptides and their receptors; however, accumulated evidence suggests low-molecular communication, in particular, through ion exchange and ROS production, equally important for polar growth as well as for pollen germination. Recently, it became clear that ROS and ionic currents form a single regulatory module, since ROS production and the activity of ion transport systems are closely interrelated and form a feedback loop.
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Mitochondrial bioenergetics and pulmonary dysfunction: Current progress and future directions.
Ten, VS, Ratner, V
Paediatric respiratory reviews. 2020;:37-45
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Abstract
This review summarizes current understanding of mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction applicable to mechanisms of lung diseases and outlines challenges and future directions in this rapidly emerging field. Although the role of mitochondria extends beyond the term of cellular "powerhouse", energy generation remains the most fundamental function of these organelles. It is not counterintuitive to propose that intact energy supply is important for favorable cellular fate following pulmonary insult. In this review, the discussion of mitochondrial dysfunction focuses on those molecular mechanisms that alter cellular bioenergetics in the lungs: (a) inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain, (b) mitochondrial leak and uncoupling, (c) alteration of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, (d) mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and self-oxidation. The discussed lung diseases were selected according to their pathological nature and relevance to pediatrics: Acute lung injury (ALI), defined as acute parenchymal lung disease associated with cellular demise and inflammation (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS, Pneumonia), alveolar developmental failure (Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, BPD or chronic lung disease in premature infants), obstructive airway diseases (Bronchial asthma) and vascular remodeling affecting pulmonary circulation (Pulmonary Hypertension, PH). The analysis highlights primary mechanisms of mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction contributing to the disease-specific pulmonary insufficiency and proposes potential therapeutic targets.