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1.
Expression of Salivary miRNA 21 in Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF): An Observational Study.
Prasad, SR, Pai, A, Shyamala, K, Yaji, A
MicroRNA (Shariqah, United Arab Emirates). 2020;(4):295-302
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the expression patterns of salivary mRNA 21 in different stages and grades of OSMF and also in habitual areca nut chewers without OSMF. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study consisted of a total of 185 samples, where 61 patients had chewing habits (chewing gutkha and other forms of areca nut) and had OSMF (Group 1). 61 patients had chewing habits but did not have OSMF (Group 2), and 63 were normal healthy patients (control group) without any chewing habits (Group 3). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients following the standard operating procedures. miRNA 21 was isolated and purified from saliva samples using the miRNeasy Mini Kit, Qiagen. The primers for miRNA relative quantification analysis were designed using the Primer Express software of Applied Biosystems. Quantification of all the samples was carried out using SYBR chemistry in an Applied Biosystems Real-Time PCR. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the demographic characteristics of patients. There was a statistically significant difference between the expressions of miRNA 21 amongst the three groups noted in Kruskal Wallis test. (<0.001*) A post hoc test was perfomed to confirm the statistical difference between patients within all three groups. There was no statistically significant difference noted between the OSMF group and patients with chewing habits group (G1 vs. G2 p: 0.10), but there was a significant difference when compared with normal patients. (G1 vs. G3 p: <0.001*) and (G2 vs. G3 <0.001*). CONCLUSION This study concludes that miRNA 21 is overexpressed in OSMF and chewing habit patients. But the expression levels were not significantly associated with the severity of the disease process. A long term and large scale studies are required to assess its application as a diagnostic profibrotic marker in OSMF.
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2.
Effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials.
Ebrahimpour-Koujan, S, Milajerdi, A, Larijani, B, Esmaillzadeh, A
Scientific reports. 2020;(1):11800
Abstract
Findings on the effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines have been conflicting. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials that examined the effects of oral intake and local administration of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines in adults. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to April 2020 for all relevant published papers assessing probiotic intakes and salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines. We included all randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of oral probiotic supplementation or lozenges tablets on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Studies that reported their effect sizes as mean ± SD or mean ± SEM were included. After excluding non-relevant papers, 8 studies remained in this review. Combining findings from 3 studies with 4 effect sizes, we found no significant reduction in salivary IgA concentrations after oral probiotic supplementation [weighted mean difference (WMD): -0.26; 95% CI: (-0.86, 0.35)]. A significant increase in salivary IL-1β concentrations reached after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 28.21; 95% CI: 18.42, 38.01); however, no significant changes in salivary IL-6 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation was found (WMD: 0.36; 95% CI: -0.85, 1.56). We observed a significant increase in salivary IL-8 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 31.82; 95% CI: 27.56, 36.08). In case of salivary IL-10 concentrations after local probiotic administration, no significant reduction was seen (WMD: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.10, 0.06). we found that oral and local administrations of probiotics might influence some of salivary cytokines. However, additional clinical trials are required to examine these effects on further pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulines.
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3.
Salivary metabolite levels in perinatally HIV-infected youth with periodontal disease.
Schulte, F, King, OD, Paster, BJ, Moscicki, AB, Yao, TJ, Van Dyke, RB, Shiboski, C, Ryder, M, Seage, G, Hardt, M, et al
Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society. 2020;(9):98
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salivary metabolite profiles are altered in adults with HIV compared to their uninfected counterparts. Less is known about youth with HIV and how oral disorders that commonly accompany HIV infection impact salivary metabolite levels. OBJECTIVE As part of the Adolescent Master Protocol multi-site cohort study of the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) network we compared the salivary metabolome of youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) and youth HIV-exposed, but uninfected (PHEU) and determined whether metabolites differ in PHIV versus PHEU. METHODS We used three complementary targeted and discovery-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) workflows to characterize salivary metabolite levels in 20 PHIV and 20 PHEU youth with and without moderate periodontitis. We examined main effects associated with PHIV and periodontal disease, and the interaction between them. RESULTS We did not identify differences in salivary metabolite profiles that remained significant under stringent control for both multiple between-group comparisons and multiple metabolites. Levels of cadaverine, a known periodontitis-associated metabolite, were more abundant in individuals with periodontal disease with the difference being more pronounced in PHEU than PHIV. In the discovery-based dataset, we identified a total of 564 endogenous peptides in the metabolite extracts, showing that proteolytic processing and amino acid metabolism are important to consider in the context of HIV infection. CONCLUSION The salivary metabolite profiles of PHIV and PHEU youth were overall very similar. Individuals with periodontitis particularly among the PHEU youth had higher levels of cadaverine, suggesting that HIV infection, or its treatment, may influence the metabolism of oral bacteria.
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4.
Effects of Futsal Demands on Serum and Salivary Levels of Trace Elements and Minerals Detected by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence.
Padoin, S, de Freitas, VH, Cleto, DAM, Zeffa, AC, Nakamura, FY, Andrello, AC, de Paula Ramos, S
Biological trace element research. 2020;(1):73-80
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor the circulating and salivary ion concentrations by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) in futsal players submitted to the futsal-specific intermittent shuttle protocol (FISP). TXRF may allow identification of changes in ion concentrations induced by physical efforts. Saliva and blood samples of 13 male futsal players were collected before (Pre) and after (Post) the FISP. Salivary and plasma ion levels were detected by TXRF, and differences from Pre to Post (paired t test or Wilcoxon test) and correlations between both biological fluids were determined (P < 0.05). All saliva samples presented phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), bromine (Br), and rubidium (Rb). S, Cl, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, and Rb were detected in all blood samples. K, Cu, Br, and Rb presented reduced secretion rate from Pre to Post samples (P < 0.05). The salivary concentrations of K (r = - 0.53) and Zn (r = 0.54) were correlated with plasmatic concentrations. After FISP, salivary secretion of S (r = - 0.76), Cl (r = - 0.64), P (r = - 0.67), Mn (r = - 0.74), and Zn (r = 0.69) were correlated with plasma levels. We concluded that TXRF may be used to monitor salivary (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Br, and Rb) and circulating (S, Cl, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, and Rb) levels of several elements in futsal athletes. However, an acute bout of futsal-specific physical effort did not significantly imbalance ion concentrations in saliva or plasma.
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5.
Salivary Stress/Immunological Markers in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.
Finamore, A, Peluso, I, Cauli, O
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(22)
Abstract
There is continuous and growing interest in research into new alternatives to standard biomarkers to detect and follow-up disease, reducing physical and psychological stress in patients needing regular and invasive medical examinations for the evaluation of pathologies, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Saliva is one of the most promising body fluids in the research of new biomarkers, thanks to the large number of molecules it contains. Many molecules present in saliva are often directly correlated to their concentration in the blood but may be affected by the condition of the oral cavity. This means that a careful selection of a specific biomarker is required for each pathology, especially pathologies such as IBD, which may induce inflammation in the oral cavity. Here, we analyze the currently used and the proposed new salivary biomarkers (i.e., calprotectin, cytokines, IgA, cortisol, and oxidative stress markers) for the detection and follow-up of the main subtypes of IBD, known as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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6.
Influence of the long-term use of oral hygiene products containing stannous ions on the salivary microbiome - a randomized controlled trial.
Anderson, AC, Al-Ahmad, A, Schlueter, N, Frese, C, Hellwig, E, Binder, N
Scientific reports. 2020;(1):9546
Abstract
Oral hygiene products containing tin are suitable to prevent erosive tooth wear, yet effects on the oral microbiota are not known yet. Therefore, this study determined the salivary microbiome of 16 participants using products with stannous ions for three years (TG) compared with a control group (CG) to assess their influence on the microbiota. Participants were included in a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) with biannual visits. Illumina Miseq sequencing revealed as most abundant genera: Streptococcus (TG 14.3%; CG 13.0%), Veillonella (TG 11.3%; CG 10.9%), Prevotella (TG 7.0%; CG 9.8%), Haemophilus (TG 6.6%; CG 7.2%), Porphyromonas (TG 5.9%, CG 5.1%), Leptotrichia (TG 5.8%; CG 4.9%), Actinomyces (TG 4.0%; CG 4.6%) and Neisseria (TG 5.4%; CG 4.2%). Beta-Diversity was not significantly different between groups at both time points, although significant differences between groups were found for certain taxa after three years. The genus Prevotella was found in higher abundance in CG whereas Neisseria and Granulicatella, health-associated taxa, were found more abundantly in TG. Salivary microbiota after three years reflected a composition associated with oral health, hence continual use as a preventive measure for dental erosion can be considered safe and benefitting oral health for patients with a high risk of erosion.
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7.
Saliva as a non-invasive tool for assessment of metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in children.
Tvarijonaviciute, A, Martinez-Lozano, N, Rios, R, Marcilla de Teruel, MC, Garaulet, M, Cerón, JJ
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2020;(8):2471-2478
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiological studies in school-age children are challenging, particularly those that aim to analyse metabolic markers on blood samples obtained via invasive and stressful procedures. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the use of saliva, as a non-invasive tool in epidemiological studies performed in school-age children, to capture metabolic changes associated with body mass index (BMI), dietary characteristics and physical activity in both boys and girls. METHODS This is an observational study in which healthy children of ages between 8 and 12 years (n = 129, 60 girls and 69 boys) from three schools in a Mediterranean area of Spain were included. A panel of biomarkers was measured in serum and saliva and correlated with BMI, dietary characteristics and physical activity. RESULTS Significant positive correlation between serum and salivary levels were detected for CRP (r = 0.770) in all included children, and boys (r = 0.805) and girls (r = 0.775) separately (P < 0.001, in all cases) and for insulin in girls (r = 0.442; P < 0.05). Among all studied salivary biomarkers, insulin was significantly correlated with the three factors studied: positively with BMI and negatively with dietary characteristics (intake and composition) and physical activity (P < 0.05). Obesity and diet composition were both positively associated to pro-inflammatory biomarkers, CRP and IL1b; while diet composition shared with physical activity levels the correlation with IL6 (positive with energy, fat, carbohydrate and saturated fatty acid intake, and negative with cholesterol intake and average physical activity in boys), NGF and glucose (in both cases correlations were negative with diet composition and physical activity variables) (P < 0.05, in all cases). Sex differences were detected in serum glucose and TNFα. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers in saliva are able to capture differences in BMI, dietary characteristics and physical activity levels in school-age children. Saliva may potentially constitute a useful non-invasive and stress-free tool to evaluate metabolic markers of inflammation and/or metabolism related to BMI and lifestyle in a sex-dependent manner.
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8.
A randomised oral fluoride retention study comparing intra-oral kinetics of fluoride-containing dentifrices before and after dietary acid exposure.
Burnett, G, Nehme, M, Parkinson, C, Karwal, R, Badrock, T, Thomas, GV, Hall, P
Archives of oral biology. 2020;:104891
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This exploratory, randomised, single-blind, crossover, study evaluated fluoride and calcium ion concentrations and pH following use of one of two 1450 ppm fluoride (NaF), 5% w/w KNO3 dentifrices: (1) test dentifrice (with cocamidopropyl betaine) with an orange juice (OJ) rinse; (2) test dentifrice with a deionized (DI) water rinse or (3) comparator dentifrice (with sodium lauryl sulphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate) with an OJ rinse. DESIGN Eighteen participants used their assigned dentifrice, rinsed with DI water, then expectorate was collected. Sixty min post-brushing, participants rinsed with OJ or DI water then expectorate was collected. Saliva samples were collected pre-brushing and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min post-brushing and following the 60 min OJ/DI water rinse. The pH of samples was taken. RESULTS Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in salivary fluoride ion concentrations between test and comparator dentifrices at 30 and 60 min and following the 60 min OJ rinse, favouring the former. Significant differences were also found between test and comparator dentifrices for salivary calcium ion concentration at 1, 5 and 10 min (p < 0.0001), favouring the former, and between test or comparator + OJ rinse and test + water rinse (p < 0.005), favouring the latter. No pH differences were shown prior to OJ/water rinse. Products were generally well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Results confirmed that acid-labile fluoride is released from the oral cavity following a dietary acid challenge and showed that formulation excipients may impact on retention of such.
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9.
Hypotheses about sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a risk factor for dying from COVID-19.
Stookey, JD, Allu, PKR, Chabas, D, Pearce, D, Lang, F
Medical hypotheses. 2020;:110237
Abstract
To address urgent need for strategies to limit mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this review describes experimental, clinical and epidemiological evidence that suggests that chronic sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before infection might increase risk of COVID-19 mortality in multiple ways. Sub-optimal hydration is associated with key risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, including older age, male sex, race-ethnicity and chronic disease. Chronic hypertonicity, total body water deficit and/or hypovolemia cause multiple intracellular and/or physiologic adaptations that preferentially retain body water and favor positive total body water balance when challenged by infection. Via effects on serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) signaling, aldosterone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and/or Na+/K+-ATPase, chronic sub-optimal hydration in the weeks before exposure to COVID-19 may conceivably result in: greater abundance of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lung, which increases likelihood of COVID-19 infection, lung epithelial cells which are pre-set for exaggerated immune response, increased capacity for capillary leakage of fluid into the airway space, and/or reduced capacity for both passive and active transport of fluid out of the airways. The hypothesized hydration effects suggest hypotheses regarding strategies for COVID-19 risk reduction, such as public health recommendations to increase intake of drinking water, hydration screening alongside COVID-19 testing, and treatment tailored to the pre-infection hydration condition. Hydration may link risk factors and pathways in a unified mechanism for COVID-19 mortality. Attention to hydration holds potential to reduce COVID-19 mortality and disparities via at least 5 pathways simultaneously.
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10.
Time Course of Salivary Protein Responses to Cranberry-Derived Polyphenol Exposure as a Function of PROP Taster Status.
Yousaf, NY, Melis, M, Mastinu, M, Contini, C, Cabras, T, Tomassini Barbarossa, I, Tepper, BJ
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
Astringency is a complex oral sensation, commonly experienced when dietary polyphenols interact with salivary proteins. Most astringent stimuli alter protein levels, which then require time to be replenished. Although it is standard practice in astringency research to provide breaks in between stimuli, there is limited consensus over the amount of time needed to restore the oral environment to baseline levels. Here we examined salivary protein levels after exposure to 20 mL of a model stimulus (cranberry polyphenol extract, 0.75 g/L CPE) or unsweetened cranberry juice (CJ), over a 10 min period. Whole saliva from healthy subjects (n = 60) was collected at baseline and after 5 and 10 min following either stimulus. Five families of proteins: basic proline-rich proteins (bPRPs); acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs); histatins; statherin; and S-type cystatins, were analyzed in whole saliva via HPLC-low resolution-ESI-IT-MS, using the area of the extracted ion current (XIC) peaks. Amylase was quantified via immunoblotting. In comparison to baseline (resting), both stimuli led to a rise in levels of aPRPs (p < 0.000) at 5 min which remained elevated at 10 min after stimulation. Additionally, an interaction of PROP taster status and time was observed, wherein super-tasters had higher levels of amylase in comparison to non-tasters after stimulation with CJ at both timepoints (p = 0.014-0.000). Further, male super-tasters had higher levels of bPRPs at 5 min after stimulation with both CJ and CPE (p = 0.015-0.007) in comparison to baseline. These data provide novel findings of interindividual differences in the salivary proteome that may influence the development of astringency and that help inform the design of sensory experiments of astringency.