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Women with a low-satiety phenotype show impaired appetite control and greater resistance to weight loss.
Buckland, NJ, Camidge, D, Croden, F, Myers, A, Lavin, JH, Stubbs, RJ, Blundell, JE, Finlayson, G
The British journal of nutrition. 2019;(8):951-959
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Abstract
This trial compared weight loss outcomes over 14 weeks in women showing low- or high-satiety responsiveness (low- or high-satiety phenotype (LSP, HSP)) measured by a standardised protocol. Food preferences and energy intake (EI) after low and high energy-density (LED, HED) meals were also assessed. Ninety-six women (n 52 analysed; 41·24 (SD 12·54) years; 34·02 (sd 3·58) kg/m2) engaged in one of two weight loss programmes underwent LED and HED laboratory test days during weeks 3 and 12. Preferences for LED and HED food (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) and ad libitum evening meal and snack EI were assessed in response to equienergetic LED and HED breakfasts and lunches. Weekly questionnaires assessed control over eating and ease of adherence to the programme. Satiety quotients based on subjective fullness ratings post LED and HED breakfasts determined LSP (n 26) and HSP (n 26) by tertile splits. Results showed that the LSP lost less weight and had smaller reductions in waist circumference compared with HSP. The LSP showed greater preferences for HED foods, and under HED conditions, consumed more snacks (kJ) compared with HSP. Snack EI did not differ under LED conditions. LSP reported less control over eating and reported more difficulty with programme adherence. In conclusion, low-satiety responsiveness is detrimental for weight loss. LED meals can improve self-regulation of EI in the LSP, which may be beneficial for longer-term weight control.
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Effect of commercial breakfast fibre cereals compared with corn flakes on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying and satiety in healthy subjects: a randomized blinded crossover trial.
Hlebowicz, J, Wickenberg, J, Fahlström, R, Björgell, O, Almér, LO, Darwiche, G
Nutrition journal. 2007;:22
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fibre food intake is related to a reduced risk of developing diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism of this effect is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of commercial fibre cereals on the rate of gastric emptying, postprandial glucose response and satiety in healthy subjects. METHODS Gastric emptying rate (GER) was measured by standardized real time ultrasonography. Twelve healthy subjects were assessed using a randomized crossover blinded trial. The subjects were examined after an 8 hour fast and after assessment of normal fasting blood glucose level. Satiety scores were estimated and blood glucose measurements were taken before and at 0, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after the end of the meal. GER was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15 and 90 min after ingestion of sour milk with corn flakes (GER1), cereal bran flakes (GER2) or wholemeal oat flakes (GER3). RESULTS The median value was, respectively, 42% for GER1, 33 % for GER2 and 51% for GER3. The difference between the GER after ingestion of bran flakes compared to wholemeal oat flakes was statistically significant (p = 0.023). The postprandial delta blood glucose level was statistically significantly lower at 40 min (p = 0.045) and 120 min (p = 0.023) after the cereal bran flakes meal. There was no statistical significance between the areas under the curve (AUCs) of the cereals as far as blood glucose and satiety were concerned. CONCLUSION The result of this study demonstrates that the intake of either bran flakes or wholemeal oat flakes has no effect on the total postprandial blood glucose response or satiety when compared to corn flakes. However, the study does show that the intake of cereal bran flakes slows the GER when compared to oat flakes and corn flakes, probably due to a higher fibre content. Since these products do not differ in terms of glucose response and satiety on healthy subjects, they should be considered equivalent in this respect.
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects.
Adam, TC, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS
The British journal of nutrition. 2005;(6):845-51
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The present study was conducted to assess whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release and appetite after a breakfast with or without an additional galactose/guar gum stimulation is different in normal-weight compared with overweight/obese subjects. Twenty-eight overweight/obese (BMI 30.3 (sd 2.7) kg/m2; age 44.3 (sd 9.7) years) and thirty normal-weight subjects (BMI 22.8 (sd 1.4), age 31.5 (sd12.8) years) participated in a crossover study. Fasting and postprandial plasma GLP-1, insulin, glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were measured in response to either a galactose (50 g)/guar gum (2.5 g) load (836 kJ) and a standard breakfast (1.9 MJ; GG), or water (250 ml) and the standard breakfast (W) every 30 min relative to the ingestion for 120 min. Appetite was assessed using 100 mm visual analogue scales. GLP-1 concentrations were significantly increased after GG at 30 and 60 min compared with W in both groups. Plasma GLP-1 concentrations in the W condition were higher in normal-weight than overweight/obese subjects (P=0.03). No difference was observed in the GG condition between groups. Satiety was increased in normal-weight compared with overweight/obese subjects in the GG condition at 30 (P=0.02) and 60 (P=0.04) min. We conclude that after a standard breakfast with water, GLP-1 release was lower in the overweight/obese than the normal-weight subjects. However, postprandial GLP-1 release in overweight/obese subjects was no different from that of normal-weight subjects when galactose/guar gum was added to the breakfast. The latter was not mirrored by subjective feelings of satiety. Disturbed perception of the physiological feedback of a satiety hormone rather than disturbed feedback itself might contribute to obesity.
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Sex and cognitive dietary restraint influence cholecystokinin release and satiety in response to preloads varying in fatty acid composition and content.
Burton-Freeman, B
The Journal of nutrition. 2005;(6):1407-14
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of preloads differing in fatty acid composition, content, and delivery form on acute behavioral, subjective, and biological outcomes of satiety. Four energy- and volume-matched preloads were tested in normal weight men and women (n = 12 and 13, respectively), using a random, crossover design. Preloads were semisolid shakes differing in fat source [walnut or safflower (SAFF)], delivery [ground walnuts (WNT) or walnut oil (WOL)] or content [39% fat energy (SAFF, WNT, WOL) or 4% low-fat control (LFC)]. Blood was collected and subjective satiety assessed at 0 (fasting), 15, 30, and 45 min after preload consumption. Lunch (test meal) was provided thereafter. Energy intake at lunch was not affected by preload; however, subjects selected more carbohydrate, fiber-rich foods at the test meal lunch after walnut preloads than after LFC or SAFF preloads. Compared with the LFC preload, appetite satisfaction was significantly greater after SAFF and WNT, but not after WOL. Women were hungrier after SAFF than after WOL, whereas men were less hungry after SAFF and LFC than after WOL or WNT. Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations reflected preload fat content and availability, particularly among men; CCK was higher after WOL and SAFF preloads than after LFC or WNT preloads. Plasma insulin was higher after LFC and SAFF preloads, corresponding to hunger suppression in men. Dietary restraint was associated with a blunted CCK response to preloads, whereas insulin was not affected by restraint. The results indicate that test meal energy intake after preloads containing approximately 40% walnut or safflower fat or 4% fat did not differ; however, walnut consumption may promote food patterns consistent with consuming diets higher in fiber.
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In vivo imaging of intragastric gelation and its effect on satiety in humans.
Hoad, CL, Rayment, P, Spiller, RC, Marciani, L, Alonso, Bde C, Traynor, C, Mela, DJ, Peters, HP, Gowland, PA
The Journal of nutrition. 2004;(9):2293-300
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Previous studies indicated that physical characteristics of food influence satiety, but the relative importance of the oral, gastric, and intestinal behaviors of the food is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the satiating effects of 2 types of alginates, which gel weakly or strongly on exposure to acid, compared with guar gum whose viscosity is unaffected by acid. Subjects (n = 12; 3 men, 9 women) ingested a 325-mL sweetened, milk-based meal replacer beverage on 4 separate occasions, either alone as a control or including 1% by weight alginate or guar gum. Intragastric gelling, gastric emptying, and meal dilution were assessed by serial MRI while satiety was recorded for 4 h. MR images showed that all of the meals became heterogeneous in the stomach except for guar, which remained homogeneous. The alginate meals formed lumps in the stomach, with the strong-gelling alginate producing the largest volume. Although gastric emptying was similar for all 4 meals, the sense of fullness at the same gastric volume was significantly greater for all 3 viscous meals than for the control. Compared with the control meal, the strong-gelling alginate (P = 0.031) and guar (P = 0.041) meals increased fullness at 115 min, and the strong-gelling alginate decreased hunger by the 115-min (P = 0.041) and 240-min (P = 0.041) time points. Agents that gel on contact with acid may be useful additions to weight-reducing diets. We hypothesize that this effect is due to distension in the gastric antrum and/or altered transport of nutrients to the small intestine in the lumps.
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Sensory-specific satiety in obese and normal-weight women.
Snoek, HM, Huntjens, L, Van Gemert, LJ, De Graaf, C, Weenen, H
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;(4):823-31
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BACKGROUND Sensory-specific satiety has been found to play an important role in food choice and meal termination, and it might be a factor contributing to obesity. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that obese and normal-weight people have different sensitivities to sensory-specific satiety for high-fat foods. DESIGN Sensory-specific satiety was measured in 21 obese [x body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 33.1] and 23 normal-weight (BMI: 22.8) women who were matched for restrained eating behavior, physical activity, age, and smoking behavior. Food intake, appetite ratings, and liking scores before and after an ad libitum lunch were measured. Products differed in fat content and taste (ie, low-fat sweet, low-fat savory, high-fat sweet, and high-fat savory), and the subjects tested all 4 products. In the first study, sandwiches were tested; in the second study, snacks were tested. RESULTS Sensory-specific satiety for all products was observed in both subject groups. No significant differences were observed between the obese and normal-weight subjects in either sensory-specific satiety or food intake for any of the products or product categories tested. Taste (sweet or savory) had a significantly (P < 0.05) stronger effect on sensory-specific satiety than did fat content. Appetite ratings strongly decreased after lunch, and appetite for a meal or snack after lunch was significantly higher in obese than in normal-weight subjects, whereas scores before lunch did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS Obese and normal-weight people do not differ in their sensitivity to sensory-specific satiety, and factors other than fat content have the greatest effect on sensory-specific satiety.
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Effects of sibutramine on binge eating, hunger, and fullness in a laboratory human feeding paradigm.
Mitchell, JE, Gosnell, BA, Roerig, JL, de Zwaan, M, Wonderlich, SA, Crosby, RD, Burgard, MA, Wambach, BN
Obesity research. 2003;(5):599-602
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sibutramine vs. placebo on binge-eating behavior, hunger, and satiety in patients who had problems with binge eating. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Seven adult subjects who had problems with binge eating (mean age, 42 years) were randomly assigned to receive alternating sibutramine and placebo in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. This involved two 4-week dosing periods separated by a 2-week washout. RESULTS Subjects lost weight on sibutramine but not on placebo. There was a significant difference in the number of kilocalories consumed between the sibutramine and placebo conditions, with a significant reduction of intake during binge-eating episodes on sibutramine. DISCUSSION Sibutramine suppresses intake during binge-eating episodes. This effect is demonstrable in a human feeding laboratory paradigm.