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1.
Pseudoatrophoderma colli: distinct entity or just a variant of confluent and reticular papilomatosis of Gougerot-Carteaud.
Sudy, E, Urbina, F, Gubelin, W, Misad, C, Espinoza, A
Dermatology online journal. 2020;(10)
Abstract
Pseudoatrophoderma colli is a rare entity described in the same time period as confluent and reticular papillomatosis of Gougerot-Carteaud and the two conditions have certain similarities. Pseudoatrophoderma colli is clinically characterized by lesions with an atrophic and wrinkled appearance, which are mainly located on the trunk and neck (hence the name colli). Few references exist in the literature and most of them are very old. Histopathological findings are nonspecific, showing mild hyperkeratosis, thinning of the stratum granulosum, and acanthosis and papillomatosis in some areas. In the papillary dermis there is vascular dilatation with a sparse inflammatory lymphohistiocytic perivascular infiltrate. Fragmentation of elastic tissue has been described only in one case. There is no specific treatment, with variable responses to diverse therapies including ultraviolet light, vitamin A, lactic acid and minocycline. We describe in detail two patients with pseudoatrophoderma colli and show histology. The first patient was treated with minocycline 100mg per day for two months and the second patient was treated with lymecycline 600mg per day for three months and 300mg per day for another two months. Both patients demonstrated a good response within the first month of treatment.
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2.
Mechanisms Underlying the Skin-Gut Cross Talk in the Development of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.
van Splunter, M, Liu, L, van Neerven, RJJ, Wichers, HJ, Hettinga, KA, de Jong, NW
Nutrients. 2020;(12)
Abstract
Immune-globulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is characterized by a variety of clinical entities within the gastrointestinal tract, skin and lungs, and systemically as anaphylaxis. The default response to food antigens, which is antigen specific immune tolerance, requires exposure to the antigen and is already initiated during pregnancy. After birth, tolerance is mostly acquired in the gut after oral ingestion of dietary proteins, whilst exposure to these same proteins via the skin, especially when it is inflamed and has a disrupted barrier, can lead to allergic sensitization. The crosstalk between the skin and the gut, which is involved in the induction of food allergy, is still incompletely understood. In this review, we will focus on mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization (to food antigens) via the skin, leading to gastrointestinal inflammation, and the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Better understanding of these processes will eventually help to develop new preventive and therapeutic strategies in children.
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3.
Contact dermatitis: A great imitator.
Elmas, ÖF, Akdeniz, N, Atasoy, M, Karadag, AS
Clinics in dermatology. 2020;(2):176-192
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) refers to a group of cutaneous diseases caused by contact with allergens or irritants. It is characterized by different stages of an eczematous eruption and has the ability to mimic a wide variety of dermatologic conditions, including inflammatory dermatitis, infectious conditions, cutaneous lymphoma, drug eruptions, and nutritional deficiencies. Irritant CD and allergic CD are the two main presentations of the disease. The diagnosis is based on a detailed history, physical examination, and patch testing, if necessary. Knowing the conditions mimicked by CD should improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. Avoiding the causative substances and taking preventive measures are necessary for the treatment.
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Two new cases of aquagenic wrinkling of the palms and literature review on drug interactions.
Bouwman, K, Menichino, S, Kruithof, I, Aalfs, AS
Dermatology online journal. 2020;(11)
Abstract
Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms (AWP) is a rare, acquired condition of the skin, defined by transient rapidly developing white to translucent papules on palms and/or soles after brief exposure to water. Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms is associated with cystic fibrosis (CF). Therefore, the diagnosis of AWP can be important. Etiopathogenesis of AWP is still unclear. Treatment is often unsatisfactory and can be very challenging. This article contributes to the knowledge of AWP as we describe two new cases of aquagenic wrinkling of the palms: one patient with familial history of CF and one patient with AWP that was presumed to be induced by use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, we present a review of the literature on drug-induced AWP.
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5.
Twenty Clinically Pertinent Factors/Observations for Percutaneous Absorption in Humans.
Law, RM, Ngo, MA, Maibach, HI
American journal of clinical dermatology. 2020;(1):85-95
Abstract
At least 20 clinically relevant factors affect percutaneous absorption of drugs and chemicals: relevant physico-chemical properties, vehicle/formulation, drug exposure conditions (dose, duration, surface area, exposure frequency), skin appendages (hair follicles, glands) as sub-anatomical pathways, skin application sites (regional variation in penetration), population variability (premature, infants, and aged), skin surface conditions (hydration, temperature, pH), skin health and integrity (trauma, skin diseases), substantivity and binding to different skin components, systemic distribution and systemic toxicity, stratum corneum exfoliation, washing-off and washing-in, rubbing/massaging, transfer to others (human to human and hard surface to human), volatility, metabolic biotransformation/cutaneous metabolism, photochemical transformation and photosensitivity, excretion pharmacokinetics, lateral spread, and chemical method of determining percutaneous absorption.
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6.
Histidine Metabolism and Function.
Brosnan, ME, Brosnan, JT
The Journal of nutrition. 2020;(Suppl 1):2570S-2575S
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Abstract
Histidine is a dietary essential amino acid because it cannot be synthesized in humans. The WHO/FAO requirement for adults for histidine is 10 mg · kg body weight-1 · d-1. Histidine is required for synthesis of proteins. It plays particularly important roles in the active site of enzymes, such as serine proteases (e.g., trypsin) where it is a member of the catalytic triad. Excess histidine may be converted to trans-urocanate by histidine ammonia lyase (histidase) in liver and skin. UV light in skin converts the trans form to cis-urocanate which plays an important protective role in skin. Liver is capable of complete catabolism of histidine by a pathway which requires folic acid for the last step, in which glutamate formiminotransferase converts the intermediate N-formiminoglutamate to glutamate, 5,10 methenyl-tetrahydrofolate, and ammonia. Inborn errors have been recognized in all of the catabolic enzymes of histidine. Histidine is required as a precursor of carnosine in human muscle and parts of the brain where carnosine appears to play an important role as a buffer and antioxidant. It is synthesized in the tissue by carnosine synthase from histidine and β-alanine, at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Histidine can be decarboxylated to histamine by histidine decarboxylase. This reaction occurs in the enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach, in the mast cells of the immune system, and in various regions of the brain where histamine may serve as a neurotransmitter.
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7.
Clinical impact of tissue sodium storage.
Olde Engberink, RHG, Selvarajah, V, Vogt, L
Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2020;(8):1373-1380
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Abstract
In recent times, the traditional nephrocentric, two-compartment model of body sodium has been challenged by long-term sodium balance studies and experimental work on the dermal interstitium and endothelial surface layer. In the new paradigm, sodium can be stored without commensurate water retention in the interstitium and endothelial surface layer, forming a dynamic third compartment for sodium. This has important implications for sodium homeostasis, osmoregulation and the hemodynamic response to salt intake. Sodium storage in the skin and endothelial surface layer may function as a buffer during periods of dietary depletion and excess, representing an extra-renal mechanism regulating body sodium and water. Interstitial sodium storage may also serve as a biomarker for sodium sensitivity and cardiovascular risk, as well as a target for hypertension treatment. Furthermore, sodium storage may explain the limitations of traditional techniques used to quantify sodium intake and determine infusion strategies for dysnatraemias. This review is aimed at outlining these new insights into sodium homeostasis, exploring their implications for clinical practice and potential areas for further research for paediatric and adult populations.
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8.
Transdermal vitamin D supplementation-A potential vitamin D deficiency treatment.
Sawarkar, S, Ashtekar, A
Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2020;(1):28-32
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has high prevalence worldwide. Vitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D, exhibits array of roles in body, from calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization to cancer, neurological disorders, immunomodulatory action, and cardiac health. Current approaches for supplementing vitamin D3 are restricted to oral and parenteral routes. This review highlights recent research in the field of transdermal delivery of vitamin D, its active form and analogues with the aid of penetration enhancers and novel carrier system as nutritional supplement in case of vitamin D deficiency. The penetration of vitamin D3 is challenging; however, by means of reducing hydrophobicity of the active and encapsulating vitamin D3 in a suitable carrier system, penetration is achieved. The results show that penetration of vitamin D3 through skin is feasible. Further clinical trials could strengthen these results. However, the present research till date shows transdermal vitamin D3 a promising way of supplementation.
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9.
Development, Characterization and Use of Liposomes as Amphipathic Transporters of Bioactive Compounds for Melanoma Treatment and Reduction of Skin Inflammation: A Review.
Castañeda-Reyes, ED, Perea-Flores, MJ, Davila-Ortiz, G, Lee, Y, Gonzalez de Mejia, E
International journal of nanomedicine. 2020;:7627-7650
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body, providing a barrier to the external environment. It is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The most external epidermis is exposed to stress factors that may lead to skin conditions such as photo-aging and skin cancer. Some treatments for skin disease utilize the incorporation of drugs or bioactive compounds into nanocarriers known as liposomes. Liposomes are membranes whose sizes range from nano to micrometers and are composed mostly of phospholipids and cholesterol, forming similar structures to cell membranes. Thus, skin treatments with liposomes have lower toxicity in comparison to traditional treatment routes such as parenteral and oral. Furthermore, addition of edge activators to the liposomes decreases the rigidity of the bilayer structure making it deformable, thereby improving skin permeability. Liposomes are composed of an aqueous core and a lipidic bilayer, which confers their amphiphilic property. Thus, they can carry hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, even simultaneously. Current applications of these nanocarriers are mainly in the cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries. Nevertheless, new research has revealed promising results regarding the effectiveness of liposomes for transporting bioactive compounds through the skin. Liposomes have been well studied; however, additional research is needed on the efficacy of liposomes loaded with bioactive peptides for skin delivery. The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date description of existing techniques for the development of liposomes and their use as transporters of bioactive compounds in skin conditions such as melanoma and skin inflammation. Furthermore, to gain an understanding of the behavior of liposomes during the process of skin delivery of bioactive compounds into skin cells.
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10.
Potential of Skin Microbiome, Pro- and/or Pre-Biotics to Affect Local Cutaneous Responses to UV Exposure.
Patra, V, Gallais Sérézal, I, Wolf, P
Nutrients. 2020;(6)
Abstract
The human skin hosts innumerable microorganisms and maintains homeostasis with the local immune system despite the challenges offered by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR causes cutaneous alterations such as acute (i.e., sunburn) and chronic inflammation, tanning, photoaging, skin cancer, and immune modulation. Phototherapy on the other hand is widely used to treat inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, polymorphic light eruption and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), as well as neoplastic skin diseases such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma, among others. Previous work has addressed the use of pro- and pre-biotics to protect against UVR through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-carcinogenic and/or pro-and contra-melanogenic properties. Herein, we discuss and share perspectives of the potential benefits of novel treatment strategies using microbes and pro- and pre-biotics as modulators of the skin response to UVR, and how they could act both for protection against UVR-induced skin damage and as enhancers of the UVR-driven therapeutic effects on the skin.