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1.
Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Modulation of Human Diseases.
Hart, PH, Norval, M, Byrne, SN, Rhodes, LE
Annual review of pathology. 2019;:55-81
Abstract
This review focuses primarily on the beneficial effects for human health of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR stimulates anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive pathways in skin that modulate psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo; suppresses cutaneous lesions of graft-versus-host disease; and regulates some infection and vaccination outcomes. While polymorphic light eruption and the cutaneous photosensitivity of systemic lupus erythematosus are triggered by UVR, polymorphic light eruption also frequently benefits from UVR-induced immunomodulation. For systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, asthma, schizophrenia, autism, and cardiovascular disease, any positive consequences of UVR exposure are more speculative, but could occur through the actions of UVR-induced regulatory cells and mediators, including 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, interleukin-10, and nitric oxide. Reduced UVR exposure is a risk factor for the development of several inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions, including diseases initiated in early life. This suggests that UVR-induced molecules can regulate cell maturation in developing organs.
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2.
Autophagy in Skin Diseases.
Guo, Y, Zhang, X, Wu, T, Hu, X, Su, J, Chen, X
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;(5):380-389
Abstract
Autophagy, or self-eating, is an evolutionarily conserved process in which cytosol and organelles are sequestered within double-membrane vesicles that deliver the contents to the lysosome/vacuole for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic components in eukaryotes. It is well recognized that autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological con-ditions and the upregulation of autophagy may serve as an adaptive process to provide nutrients and energy when under stresses. Recently, studies have illustrated that autophagy is intricately related to skin diseases. This review provides a brief synopsis of the process of autophagy and aims to elucidate the roles of autophagy in different skin diseases and to highlight the need for increased research in the field.
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3.
Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions.
Kiousi, DE, Karapetsas, A, Karolidou, K, Panayiotidis, MI, Pappa, A, Galanis, A
Nutrients. 2019;(4)
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host. Their positive supplementation outcomes on several gastrointestinal disorders are well defined. Nevertheless, their actions are not limited to the gut, but may also impart their beneficial effects at distant sites and organs. In this regard, in this review article we: (i) comprehensively describe the main mechanisms of action of probiotics at distant sites, including bones, skin, and brain; (ii) critically present their therapeutic potential against bone, skin, and neuronal diseases (e.g., osteoporosis, non-healing wounds and autoimmune skin illnesses, mood, behavior, memory, and cognitive impairments); (iii) address the current gaps in the preclinical and clinical research; and (iv) indicate new research directions and suggest future investigations.
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4.
Effects of hot water extract of Curcuma longa on human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro and skin conditions in healthy participants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Asada, K, Ohara, T, Muroyama, K, Yamamoto, Y, Murosaki, S
Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2019;(6):1866-1874
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcuma longa has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Skin inflammation impairs skin functions. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the effect of a hot water extract of C longa (WEC) on skin conditions in cell studies using keratinocytes and in clinical trials. METHODS We measured proinflammatory cytokine levels in ultraviolet B-irradiated keratinocytes in the presence or absence of WEC. The effects of WEC on hyaluronan production in keratinocytes were also determined. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 47 healthy participants were assigned to 8-week intervention groups with daily intakes of WEC with or without curcumin or a placebo. The water content and transepidermal water loss in the face and minimal erythema dose on the back after ultraviolet B irradiation were evaluated every 4 weeks. RESULTS Hot water extract of C longa significantly inhibited increases in ultraviolet B-induced tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β at the mRNA and protein levels. WEC also significantly increased hyaluronan production from nonstimulated keratinocytes. In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, increases from baseline in the water content of the face were significantly greater at weeks 4 and 8 in the WEC group, but not in the WEC + curcumin group, than in the placebo group. There were no significant differences in transepidermal water loss and minimal erythema dose among the groups. CONCLUSIONS The cell studies confirmed that WEC has anti-inflammatory effects and augments hyaluronan production in the skin. The results of clinical trials suggest that WEC may be useful for moisturizing facial skin. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN Clinical Trials Registry 000028510. Retrospectively registered.
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5.
The association of tryptophan and phenylalanine are associated with arsenic-induced skin lesions in a Chinese population chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water: a case-control study.
Wei, Y, Jia, C, Lan, Y, Hou, X, Zuo, J, Li, J, Wang, T, Mao, G
BMJ open. 2019;(10):e025336
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of specific serum amino acids (AAs) with the odds of arsenic-induced skin lesions (AISL) and their ability to distinguish patients with AISL from people chronically exposed to arsenic. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Three arsenic-exposed villages in Wuyuan County, Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, China were evaluated. PARTICIPANTS Among the 450 residents aged 18-79 years, who were chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water, 56 were diagnosed as having AISL (defined as cases). Another 56 participants without AISL, matched by gender and age (±1 year) from the same population, were examined as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND METHODS AA levels were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. Potential confounding variables were identified via a standardised questionnaire and clinical examination. Multivariable conditional logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between specific AAs and AISL. RESULTS Tryptophan and phenylalanine levels were negatively associated with AISL (p<0.05). Compared with that in the first quartile, the adjusted OR of AISL in the second, third and fourth quartiles were decreased by 44%, 88% and 79% for tryptophan and 30%, 80% and 80% for phenylalanine, respectively. The combination of these two higher-level AAs showed the lowest OR for AISL (OR=0.08; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.25; p<0.001). Furthermore, both AAs showed a moderate ability to distinguish patients with AISL from the control, with the area under the curve (AUC; 95% CI) as 0.67 (0.57 to 0.77) for tryptophan and 0.70 (0.60 to 0.80) for phenylalanine (p<0.05). The combined pattern with AUC (95% CI) was 0.72 (0.62 to 0.81), showing a sensitivity of 76.79% and specificity of 58.93% (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Specific AAs may be linked to AISL and play important roles in early AISL identification. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02235948.
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6.
Vitamin D and the Skin: A Review for Dermatologists.
Navarro-Triviño, FJ, Arias-Santiago, S, Gilaberte-Calzada, Y
Actas dermo-sifiliograficas. 2019;(4):262-272
Abstract
In recent years, the growing interest in the role played by vitamin D in skin disease has given rise to the publication of many studies of the relationship between this vitamin and certain skin conditions. As dermatologists, we need to understand, among other aspects, how vitamin D is synthesized and the main sources in humans, as well as plasma levels and the factors that can modify them. Of particular interest are the latest discoveries about the role of vitamin D in skin diseases such as lupus erythematosus, ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, alopecia areata, androgenetic alopecia, melanoma, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Also of interest is the importance of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy in patients on long-term treatment with corticosteroids. In this review, we provide an overview of the most important and most recent information regarding the relationship between vitamin D and skin disease and discuss the importance of assessing individual vitamin D status and correcting deficiencies.
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7.
Hydrogen peroxide and cutaneous biology: Translational applications, benefits, and risks.
Murphy, EC, Friedman, AJ
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2019;(6):1379-1386
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an endogenous reactive oxygen species that contributes to oxidative stress directly as a molecular oxidant and indirectly through free radical generation. Topically applied 1% to 45% H2O2 can be used for a range of clinical purposes, which will be reviewed here in addition to its safety. In concentrations from 1% to 6%, H2O2 has antimicrobial properties and can act as a debriding agent through its effervescence, making low-concentration H2O2 useful for wound care. H2O2 has also been shown to promote venous insufficiency ulcer healing, but studies in other wound types are needed. In 1% formulations, H2O2 is used outside the United States to treat acne and has shown efficacy similar to or greater than benzoyl peroxide, with reduced side effects. In a concentration of 40%, H2O2 is US Food and Drug Administration-approved to treat seborrheic keratoses and may cause fewer pigmentary changes than cryotherapy, although elimination often requires 2 to 4 treatments. However, H2O2 should be used with caution, as exposure can cause adverse effects through its oxidant capabilities. Low H2O2 concentrations cause only transient symptoms (blanching and blistering), but exposure to 9% to 45% H2O2 can cause more severe skin damage, including epidermal necrosis leading to erythema and bullae. Overall, H2O2 has numerous therapeutic uses, and novel indications, such as treating actinic keratoses and skin cancers, continue to be explored.
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8.
Brief Update on Dermatologic Uses of Methotrexate.
Shah, RA, Nwannunu, CE, Limmer, AL, Patel, RR, Mui, UN, Tyring, SK
Skin therapy letter. 2019;(6):5-8
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), an agent originally intended for anti-neoplastic use, has been successfully employed in the treatment of a variety of dermatologic conditions. In addition to its multiple clinical indications, variable dosing and modes of administration make it a viable option for patients of all ages and most comorbidities. MTX is a folate analog that antagonizes dihydrofolate reductase, thus inhibiting thymidylate synthesis and, ultimately, the production of pyrimidine. Depending on dosage, MTX can function as an anti-inflammatory agent, immunomodulator, or antimetabolite. Patients suffering from psoriasis have benefited from MTX in addition to those with atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, cutaneous sarcoidosis, and mycosis fungoides. Although patients with these conditions can benefit from MTX treatment, the drug can cause adverse sequelae, including hematologic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and hepatic side effects. Therefore, the drug should be administered under careful physician supervision.
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9.
Nanomedicines to Treat Skin Pathologies with Natural Molecules.
Esposito, E, Nastruzzi, C, Sguizzato, M, Cortesi, R
Current pharmaceutical design. 2019;(21):2323-2337
Abstract
The skin and mucous membranes are subjected to many disorders and pathological conditions. Nature offers a wide range of molecules with antioxidant activity able to neutralize, at least in part, the formation of free radicals and therefore to counteract the phenomena of cellular aging. Since synthetic drugs for the treatment of skin diseases can induce resistance, it is particularly interesting to use compounds of plant origin, transporting them in pharmaceutical forms capable of controlling their release and absorption. This review provides an overview of new findings about the use of lipid-based nanosystems for the delivery of natural molecules useful on the topical treatment of skin disorders. Several natural molecules encapsulated in lipid nanosystems have been considered in the treatment of some skin pathologies or diseases. Particularly, the use of rosemary and eucalyptus essential oil, saffron derivatives, curcumin, eugenol, capsaicin, thymol and lycopene has been reported. The molecules have been alternatively encapsulated in viscous systems, such as the organogels, or in liquid systems, such as ethosomes, transferosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and monoolein based dispersions thickened by inclusion in carbomer gels. The nanostructured forms have been in vitro and in vivo investigated for the treatment of skin disorders due to dehydration, inflammation, melanoma, wound healing, fungal infections or psoriasis. The data reported in the different studies have suggested that the cutaneous application of lipid nanosystems allows a deep interaction between lipid matrix and skin strata, promoting a prolonged release and efficacy of the loaded natural molecules. This review suggests that the application of natural molecules onto the skin by lipid-based nanosystems can provide numerous clinician benefits in dermatology and cosmetics.
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10.
Implications of grape extract and its nanoformulated bioactive agent resveratrol against skin disorders.
Soleymani, S, Iranpanah, A, Najafi, F, Belwal, T, Ramola, S, Abbasabadi, Z, Momtaz, S, Farzaei, MH
Archives of dermatological research. 2019;(8):577-588
Abstract
The grape seed extract (GSE) and its main active polyphenol, resveratrol (RES), have shown considerable antioxidant activities, besides possessed protective and therapeutic effects against various skin complications. This paper discusses the favorable effects of RES, GSE and their nanoformulations for dermatological approaches, with specific emphasis on clinical interventions. In this manner, electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched. Data were collected from 1980 up to February 2019. The search terms included "Vitis vinifera", "grape", "resveratrol", "skin", "dermatology", and "nanoformulation". To increase the skin permeability of GSE and RES, several innovative nanoformulation such as liposomes, niosomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and lipid-core nanocapsule has been evaluated. According to our extensive searches, both RES and GSE have beneficial impacts on skin disorders such as chloasma, acne vulgaris, skin aging, as well as wound and facial redness. More clinical studies with nanoformulation approaches are recommended to achieve conclusive outcomes regarding the efficacy of RES and GSE in the management of skin diseases.