0
selected
-
1.
High-Salt Diet Gets Involved in Gastrointestinal Diseases through the Reshaping of Gastroenterological Milieu.
Li, J, Sun, F, Guo, Y, Fan, H
Digestion. 2019;(4):267-274
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are known to be largely influenced by one's lifestyle and dietary uptake. A high-salt diet (HSD) is well recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular complications, hypertension, and metabolic syndromes. However, the relationship between an HSD and the GI system, which is the compartment that comes in direct contact with exogenous stimulants, has not been fully explored. AIMS We seek to better understand the complexity of the pathogenic effects of an HSD in the context of GI disorders. METHODS By searching the PubMed and Web of science, the review of literature was performed using keywords: high-salt and GI, high-salt and immunity, salt and microbiota, salt and hormone. RESULTS In this review, we concluded that high-salt intake potentially perturbs the local immune homeostasis, alters the gut microbiota composition and function, and affects the endocrine hormone profiling in the GI system. CONCLUSION HSD might get involved in GI diseases through the reshaping of gastroenterological milieu, which could help to better understand the complexity of the pathogenic effects of an HSD in the context of GI disorders.
-
2.
[Sodium restriction in heart failure: where are the data?].
Navis, GJ
Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde. 2019
Abstract
Mahtani et al. review the evidence for sodium restriction in heart failure. The paucity of solid studies is striking, but deplorably in line with the paucity of high-quality studies on lifestyle management in general. One hard endpoint study (Sodium-HF) is underway. Promising results were obtained in the GOURMET study, which integrated sodium restriction into a broader nutritional approach that simultaneously targeted malnutrition, a major problem in heart failure. Targeting overall nutritional status - rather than single nutrients - matches current trends in nutrition guidelines, and deserves further exploration. Using fresh products and avoiding processed foods is the main step towards an overall healthier diet with less sodium. Dietary improvement, with its clinical benefit, is feasible in most patients by means of adequate support and feedback. Hopefully, the emergence of 'lifestyle medicine' will, with clinical and scientific effort, allow for the health potential of nutrition to be translated into clinical benefit for patients.
-
3.
Dietary Sodium Interventions to Prevent Hospitalization and Readmission in Adults with Congestive Heart Failure.
Aronow, WS, Shamliyan, TA
The American journal of medicine. 2018;(4):365-370.e1
-
4.
Use of dietary sodium intervention effect on neurohormonal and fluid overload in heart failure patients: Review of select research based literature.
Lee, YW, Huang, LH, Ku, CH
Applied nursing research : ANR. 2018;:17-21
Abstract
AIM: This literature review analyzed ten articles investigating the effects of low dietary sodium intake on neurohormonal and fluid overload on heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND Recommendations for low dietary sodium to HF patients has been debated in the past one to two decades. METHODS This report presents a literature review of interventional studies from 2006 to 2015 investigating adult HF patients. RESULTS The results of the neurohormonal outcome variables seem to be the primary consideration for recommending a low sodium diet to patients with HF. Most of articles in this review reported that 2.6-3 g/day of dietary sodium is effective for decreased BNP, renin, and aldosterone (neurohormonal) plasma levels in patients with HF. CONCLUSIONS We have to provide the reason, effect, and amount of dietary sodium when providing dietary sodium recommendations to patients.
-
5.
Not Salt But Sugar As Aetiological In Osteoporosis: A Review.
DiNicolantonio, JJ, Mehta, V, Zaman, SB, O'Keefe, JH
Missouri medicine. 2018;(3):247-252
Abstract
Salt has notoriously been blamed for causing an increase in the urinary excretion of calcium, and thus is a considered a risk factor for osteoporosis. However, the increase in the urinary excretion of calcium with higher sodium intakes can be offset by the increased intestinal absorption of dietary calcium. Thus, the overall calcium balance does not appear to be reduced with a higher sodium intake. However, the other ubiquitous white crystal, sugar, may lead to osteoporosis by increasing inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, increased renal acid load, reduced calcium intake, and increased urinary calcium excretion. Sugar, not salt, is the more likely white crystal to be a risk factor for osteoporosis when overconsumed.
-
6.
Impact of quality of research on patient outcomes in the Institute of Medicine 2013 report on dietary sodium.
Lucko, A, Doktorchik, CT, Campbell, NR
Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2018;(2):345-350
Abstract
The 2013 Institute of Medicine report entitled "Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence" found inconsistent evidence of health benefit with dietary sodium intake <2300 mg/d. Different studies reported benefit and harm of population dietary intake <2300 mg/d. The Institute of Medicine committee, however, did not assess whether the methodology used in each of the studies was appropriate to examine dietary sodium and health outcomes. This review investigates the association of methodological rigor and outcomes of studies in the Institute of Medicine report. For the 13 studies that met all methodological criteria, nine found a detrimental impact of high sodium consumption on health, one found a health benefit, and in three the effect was unclear (P = .068). For the 22 studies that failed to meet all criteria, 11 showed a detrimental impact, four a health benefit, and seven had unclear effects from increasing dietary sodium (P = .42).
-
7.
Urine 24-Hour Sodium Excretion Decreased between 1953 and 2014 in Japan, but Estimated Intake Still Exceeds the WHO Recommendation.
Uechi, K, Sugimoto, M, Kobayashi, S, Sasaki, S
The Journal of nutrition. 2017;(3):390-397
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Background: Accurate monitoring of sodium intake is necessary for evaluating strategies used to reduce sodium intake. However, no repeat survey has been conducted in representative populations in Japan to examine trends in sodium intake with the use of 24-h urinary sodium excretion, a standard evaluation method for sodium intake monitoring.Objective: The objective of this study was to examine potential trends in sodium intake by examining previous reports of 24-h urinary sodium excretion in healthy Japanese adult populations.Methods: We systematically searched for reports of 24-h urinary sodium excretion in healthy Japanese adult populations (mean age range: 18-69 y). We searched PubMed and Web of Science for English-language articles and hand-searched 7 Japanese scientific journals for Japanese-language articles. Trends in urinary sodium excretion were examined with the use of weighted linear regression and random-effects meta-regression analyses, with adjustment or stratification to address study characteristics (population mean age, percentage of men, and sample size) and study assessment for completeness of urine collection.Results: We identified 68 reports of urinary sodium excretion from 53 articles published from 1953 through 2014 that showed high rates of urinary sodium excretion in healthy Japanese adult populations (weighted mean: 4900 mg/d). The rate of urinary sodium excretion significantly decreased between 1953 and 2014, by 4350 mg/d (P < 0.001); however, the rate of reduction in urinary sodium excretion was variable and decreased with time (P-linear trend <0.001 and P-quadratic trend <0.001). In the random-effects meta-regression analysis of studies that assessed completeness of urine collection with creatinine excretion, no significant relation between urinary sodium excretion and year was observed from 1978 to 2014 (β = -16, P = 0.40).Conclusion: Despite a decrease in urinary sodium excretion in healthy Japanese adult populations between 1953 and 2014, sodium intake still exceeds the WHO recommendation for adults. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42016035452.
-
8.
Relationship between Sodium Intake and Water Intake: The False and the True.
Bankir, L, Perucca, J, Norsk, P, Bouby, N, Damgaard, M
Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2017;:51-61
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Generally, eating salty food items increases thirst. Thirst is also stimulated by the experimental infusion of hypertonic saline. But, in steady state, does the kidney need a higher amount of water to excrete sodium on a high than on a low sodium intake? This issue is still controversial. The purpose of this review is to provide examples of how the kidney handles water in relation to salt intake/output. It is based on re-analysis of previously published studies in which salt intake was adjusted to several different levels in the same subjects, and in databases of epidemiologic studies in populations on an ad libitum diet. Summary and Key Messages: These re-analyses allow us to draw the following conclusions: (1) In a steady state situation, the urine volume (and thus the fluid intake) remains unchanged over a large range of sodium intakes. The adaptation to a higher sodium excretion rests only on changes in urinary sodium concentration. However, above a certain limit, this concentration cannot increase further and the urine volume may then increase. (2) In population studies, it is not legitimate to assume that sodium is responsible for changes in urine volume, since people who eat more sodium also eat more of other nutrients leading to an increase in the excretion of potassium, urea and other solutes, besides sodium. (3) After an abrupt increase in sodium intake, fluid intake is increased in the first few days, but urine volume does not change. The extra fluid drunk is responsible for an increase in body weight.
-
9.
Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a systematic literature review.
McLean, RM, Farmer, VL, Nettleton, A, Cameron, CM, Cook, NR, Campbell, NRC, ,
Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2017;(12):1214-1230
Abstract
Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary sodium intake, although 24-hour urinary excretion is the most accurate measure of intake. The authors conducted a systematic review to investigate whether FFQs are a reliable and valid way of measuring usual dietary sodium intake. Results from 18 studies are described in this review, including 16 validation studies. The methods of study design and analysis varied widely with respect to FFQ instrument, number of 24-hour urine collections collected per participant, methods used to assess completeness of urine collections, and statistical analysis. Overall, there was poor agreement between estimates from FFQ and 24-hour urine. The authors suggest a framework for validation and reporting based on a consensus statement (2004), and recommend that all FFQs used to estimate dietary sodium intake undergo validation against multiple 24-hour urine collections.
-
10.
Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction: a Cochrane Review.
Barberio, AM, Sumar, N, Trieu, K, Lorenzetti, DL, Tarasuk, V, Webster, J, Campbell, NRC, McLaren, L
International journal of epidemiology. 2017;(5):1551-1405
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, excessive salt consumption is common and is a leading cause of high blood pressure. Our objectives were to assess the overall and differential impact (by social and economic indicators) of population-level interventions for dietary sodium reduction in government jurisdictions worldwide. METHODS This is a Cochrane systematic review. We searched nine peer-reviewed databases, seven grey literature resources and contacted national programme leaders. We appraised studies using an adapted version of the Cochrane risk of bias tool. To assess impact, we computed the mean change in salt intake (g/day) from before to after intervention. RESULTS Fifteen initiatives met the inclusion criteria and 10 provided sufficient data for quantitative analysis of impact. Of these, five showed a mean decrease in salt intake from before to after intervention including: China, Finland (Kuopio area), France, Ireland and the UK. When the sample was constrained to the seven initiatives that were multicomponent and incorporated activities of a structural nature (e.g. procurement policy), most (4/7) showed a mean decrease in salt intake. A reduction in salt intake was more apparent among men than women. There was insufficient information to assess differential impact by other social and economic axes. Although many initiatives had methodological strengths, all scored as having a high risk of bias reflecting the observational design. Study heterogeneity was high, reflecting different contexts and initiative characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Population-level dietary sodium reduction initiatives have the potential to reduce dietary salt intake, especially if they are multicomponent and incorporate intervention activities of a structural nature. It is important to consider data infrastructure to permit monitoring of these initiatives.