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1.
Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation.
Colmenero-Flores, JM, Franco-Navarro, JD, Cubero-Font, P, Peinado-Torrubia, P, Rosales, MA
International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;(19)
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) has traditionally been considered a micronutrient largely excluded by plants due to its ubiquity and abundance in nature, its antagonism with nitrate (NO3-), and its toxicity when accumulated at high concentrations. In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in this regard since Cl- has gone from being considered a harmful ion, accidentally absorbed through NO3- transporters, to being considered a beneficial macronutrient whose transport is finely regulated by plants. As a beneficial macronutrient, Cl- determines increased fresh and dry biomass, greater leaf expansion, increased elongation of leaf and root cells, improved water relations, higher mesophyll diffusion to CO2, and better water- and nitrogen-use efficiency. While optimal growth of plants requires the synchronic supply of both Cl- and NO3- molecules, the NO3-/Cl- plant selectivity varies between species and varieties, and in the same plant it can be modified by environmental cues such as water deficit or salinity. Recently, new genes encoding transporters mediating Cl- influx (ZmNPF6.4 and ZmNPF6.6), Cl- efflux (AtSLAH3 and AtSLAH1), and Cl- compartmentalization (AtDTX33, AtDTX35, AtALMT4, and GsCLC2) have been identified and characterized. These transporters have proven to be highly relevant for nutrition, long-distance transport and compartmentalization of Cl-, as well as for cell turgor regulation and stress tolerance in plants.
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2.
Sodium and water homeostasis in children admitted with acute appendicitis: a prospective study.
Lindestam, U, Fläring, U, Almström, M, Andersson, A, Svensson, JF, Malmquist, P, Jacks, J, Lönnqvist, PA, Jensen, BL, Carlström, M, et al
Pediatric research. 2019;(1):5-8
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3.
Fermentative Bio-Hydrogen Production of Food Waste in the Presence of Different Concentrations of Salt (Na+) and Nitrogen.
Lee, P, Hwang, Y, Lee, T
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2019;(2):283-291
Abstract
Fermentation of food waste in the presence of different concentrations of salt (Na+) and ammonia was conducted to investigate the interrelation of Na+ and ammonia content in biohydrogen production. Analysis of the experimental results showed that peak hydrogen production differed according to the ammonia and Na+ concentration. The peak hydrogen production levels achieved were (97.60, 91.94, and 49.31) ml/g COD at (291.41, 768.75, and 1,037.89) mg-N/L of ammonia and (600, 1,000, and 4,000) mg-Na+/L of salt concentration, respectively. At peak hydrogen production, the ammonia concentration increased along with increasing salt concentration in the medium. This means that for peak hydrogen production, the C/N ratio decreased with increasing salt content in the medium. The butyrate/acetate (B/A) ratio was higher in proportion to the bio-hydrogen production (r-square: 0.71, p-value: 0.0006). Different concentrations of Na+ and ammonia in the medium also produced diverse microbial communities. Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., and Clostridium sp. were predominant with high bio-hydrogen production, while Lactococcus sp. was found with low bio-hydrogen production.
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4.
Formulas to Estimate Dietary Sodium Intake From Spot Urine Alter Sodium-Mortality Relationship.
He, FJ, Ma, Y, Campbell, NRC, MacGregor, GA, Cogswell, ME, Cook, NR
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979). 2019;(3):572-580
Abstract
To study the effect of formulas on the estimation of dietary sodium intake (sodium intake) and its association with mortality, we analyzed the TOHP (Trials of Hypertension Prevention) follow-up data. Sodium intake was assessed by measured 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and estimations from sodium concentration using the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT (International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure) formulas. We used both the average of 3 to 7 urinary measurements during the trial period and the first measurement at the beginning of each trial. Additionally, we kept sodium concentration constant to test whether the formulas were independently associated with mortality. We included 2974 individuals aged 30 to 54 years with prehypertension, not assigned to sodium intervention. During a median 24-year follow-up, 272 deaths occurred. The average measured sodium intake was 3766±1290 mg/d. All estimated values, including those with constant sodium concentration, were systematically biased with overestimation at lower levels and underestimation at higher levels. There was a significant linear association between the average measured sodium intake (ie, gold standard method) and mortality. This relationship was altered by using the estimated sodium intakes. There appeared to be a J- or U-shaped relationship for the average estimated sodium by all formulas. Despite variations in the sodium-mortality relationship among various formulas, a common pattern was that all estimated values including those with constant sodium appeared to be inversely related to mortality at lower levels of sodium intake. These results demonstrate that inaccurate estimates of sodium cannot be used in association studies, particularly as the formulas per se seem to be related to mortality independent of sodium.
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5.
Effects of Gellan Oligosaccharide and NaCl Stress on Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, Mineral Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Antimicrobial Activity in Red Perilla.
Salachna, P, Grzeszczuk, M, Meller, E, Mizielińska, M
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;(21)
Abstract
The growing market demand for plant raw materials with improved biological value promotes the extensive search for new elicitors and biostimulants. Gellan gum derivatives may enhance plant growth and development, but have never been used under stress conditions. Perilla (Perilla frutescens, Lamiaceae) is a source of valuable bioproducts for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. However, there is not much information on the use of biostimulators in perilla cultivation. In this work we investigated the effects of oligo-gellan and salt (100 mM NaCl) on the yield and quality of red perilla (P. frutescens var. crispa f. purpurea) leaves. Plants grown under stress showed inhibited growth, smaller biomass, their leaves contained less nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total polyphenol and total anthocyanins, and accumulated considerably more sodium than control plants. Treatment with oligo-gellan under non-saline conditions stimulated plant growth and the fresh weight content of the above-ground parts, enhanced the accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and total polyphenols, and increased antioxidant activity as assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays. Oligo-gellan applied under saline conditions clearly alleviated the stress effects by limiting the loss of biomass, macronutrients, and total polyphenols. Additionally, plants pretreated with oligo-gellan and then exposed to 100 mM NaCl accumulated less sodium, produced greater amounts of photosynthetic pigments, and had greater antioxidant activity than NaCl-stressed plants. Irrespective of the experimental treatment, 50% extract effectively inhibited growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both microorganisms were the least affected by 25% extract obtained from plants untreated with either NaCl or oligo-gellan. In conclusion, oligo-gellan promoted plant growth and enhanced the quality of red perilla leaves and efficiently alleviated the negative effects of salt stress.
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6.
Effect of two dosages of sodium chloride intake on the blood pressure response to caffeinated coffee in humans in vivo.
Esselink, AC, Bril, LM, Langenhuijsen, RW, Bilos, A, Riksen, NP, Rongen, GA
International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2019;(8):1014-1019
Abstract
High sodium intake increases cardiovascular risk by increasing blood pressure. The intake of coffee elevates blood pressure acutely. Preclinical evidence shows that this action of caffeine is enhanced by high salt intake. We hypothesised that high sodium intake augments the acute blood pressure response to coffee in humans. A randomised cross-over study (n = 15) was performed comparing the effect of lower (6 g/d; LS) with higher (12 g/d; HS) sodium chloride diet on blood pressure before and 2 h after regular coffee intake. Baseline blood pressure was 115 ± 4/84 ± 2/68 ± 1 during LS and 121 ± 4/89 ± 2/69 ± 1 mmHg during HS (SBP/Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)/DBP; mean ± SE, p < 0.05 for SBP). During LS, blood pressure increased to 121 ± 4/91 ± 2/73 ± 1 (p < 0.05 for SBP, MAP, DBP versus baseline). HS did not significantly affect the impact of coffee on blood pressure (p > 0.3 for SBP, DBP; p > 0.05 for MAP). Sodium intake does not relevantly modulate the impact of regular coffee consumption on blood pressure.
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7.
Nearest-neighbour parameters optimized for melting temperature prediction of DNA/RNA hybrids at high and low salt concentrations.
Basílio Barbosa, V, de Oliveira Martins, E, Weber, G
Biophysical chemistry. 2019;:106189
Abstract
Gene editing technologies sparked a renewed interest in the hybridization of DNA/RNA duplexes, yet little improvement on nearest-neighbour parameters was made over the past two decades. For low sodium concentration no parameter set was yet calculated. Here, we revised the existing experimental datasets and used an expanded set of sequences from which we recalculated the nearest-neighbour parameters, reducing the average temperature prediction uncertainty to 1.6 °C. Two experimental sets using temperatures extracted via different methods were used with similar results, with the curve-fitting method achieving a slight advantage in prediction quality over other methods. Additionally, we obtained new parameters for low salt with an average uncertainty of 0.98 °C. We also tested several types of salt correction factors and concluded that it is advisable to use those originally developed for RNA/RNA rather than for DNA/DNA.
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8.
Fungi in salterns.
Chung, D, Kim, H, Choi, HS
Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 2019;(9):717-724
Abstract
Salterns are hypersaline extreme environments with unique physicochemical properties such as a salinity gradient. Although the investigation of microbiota in salterns has focused on archaea and bacteria, diverse fungi also thrive in the brine and soil of salterns. Fungi isolated from salterns are represented by black yeasts (Hortaea werneckii, Phaeotheca triangularis, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Trimmatostroma salinum), Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species. Most studies on saltern-derived fungi gave attention to black yeasts and their physiological characteristics, including growth under various culture conditions. Since then, biochemical and molecular tools have been employed to explore adaptation of these fungi to salt stress. Genome databases of several fungi in salterns are now publicly available and being used to elucidate salt tolerance mechanisms and discover the target genes for agricultural and industrial applications. Notably, the number of enzymes and novel metabolites known to be produced by diverse saltern-derived fungi has increased significantly. Therefore, fungi in salterns are not only interesting and important subjects to study fungal biodiversity and adaptive mechanisms in extreme environments, but also valuable bioresources with potential for biotechnological applications.
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9.
New Ringer's lactate gel formulation on nasal comfort and humidification.
Neves, MCD, Romano, FR, Guerra Filho, S
Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology. 2019;(6):746-752
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of saline irrigation for nasal washes is a well established procedure in the treatment of sinonasal inflammation and infection. In addition to saline solutions, Ringer's lactate is also an efficient option for nasal washes and humidification. OBJECTIVE To assess the comfort, humidification and tolerance regarding stinging sensation, provided by sodium chloride nasal gel at the concentrations of 4.5mg/g and 6.0mg/g through questionnaires answered by the patients. METHODS A total of 60 patients, 56 females, aged between 22 and 66 years old (mean age of 47) and 4 males, aged between 36 and 66 years (mean age of 49), were included in the study for a period of 17 days (±2 days) treatment. The patients were monitored by a general practitioner throughout the study period. They were instructed to apply each product in both nostrils twice a day during a 7-day period (±2 days). The patients were evaluated prior to the use of the first product at visit 0 (V0), after 7 days of treatment (±2 days) at visit 1 (V1), after 3 days of product discontinuation at visit 2 (V2) and after 7 days (±2 days) of treatment with the second product, in visit 3 (V3). RESULTS A significant difference (5% significance) was observed regarding comfort and stinging sensation between the two different concentrations; comfort was higher and stinging was lower with the 6.0mg/g concentration gel. No difference in humidification was observed between the two treatments. CONCLUSION Ringer's lactate at the concentration of 6.0mg/g was superior to that at 4.5mg/g for parameters comfort and stinging sensation. No statistical difference was observed between the two products regarding nasal humidification.
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10.
Sodium loading, treadmill walking, and the acute redistribution of bone mineral content on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans.
Hew-Butler, T, Angelakos, K, Szczepanski, J
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2019;(1):R59-R67
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) and bone mineral content (BMC) after an acute sodium load plus treadmill walking and then quantify the amount of sodium the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan could detect. The primary study was a single-blind randomized control crossover trial under two conditions: ingestion of six flour tablets (placebo trial) or six 1-g NaCl tablets (salt intervention trial). The tablets were ingested after baseline blood and urine collection followed immediately by the DXA scan. After 60 min of rest, a 45-min treadmill walk was conducted. Immediately postexercise, blood and urine were collected and the DXA scan was repeated. Main outcomes included changes (∆: post minus pre) in plasma [Na+] and BMC. Additionally, six 1-g NaCl tablets were superimposed over a DXA spine phantom for separate quantification of sodium as BMC. Fourteen subjects completed the primary study. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests revealed significant interaction ( F = 13.06; P = 0.0007), condition ( F = 21.88; P < 0.001), and time ( F = 6.51; P = 0.014) effects in plasma [Na+]. A significant condition ( F = 6.46; P = 0.014) effect was also noted in urine [Na+]. Total body BMC∆ was negatively correlated with plasma [Na+]∆ ( r = -0.43; P = 0.02) and urine [Na+]∆ ( r = -0.47; P = 0.01). Total body BMC∆ in the salt intervention trial [-5.5 (27) g] closely approximated the amount of NaCl ingested and subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream. The DXA scan quantified 67% of NaCl tablets as BMC in spine phantom analyses. Total body BMC∆ was negatively related to plasma and urine [Na+]∆ after treadmill walking. Reductions in total body BMC closely approximated the amount of NaCl ingested (~6 g). The DXA scan quantified NaCl as BMC.