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Protective Effects of Soy Oligopeptides in Ultraviolet B-Induced Acute Photodamage of Human Skin.
Zhou, BR, Ma, LW, Liu, J, Zhang, JA, Xu, Y, Wu, D, Permatasari, F, Luo, D
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2016;:5846865
Abstract
Aim. We explored the effects of soy oligopeptides (SOP) in ultraviolet B- (UVB-) induced acute photodamage of human skin in vivo and foreskin ex vivo. Methods. We irradiated the forearm with 1.5 minimal erythemal dose (MED) of UVB for 3 consecutive days, establishing acute photodamage of skin, and topically applied SOP. Erythema index (EI), melanin index, stratum corneum hydration, and transepidermal water loss were measured by using Multiprobe Adapter 9 device. We irradiated foreskin ex vivo with the same dose of UVB (180 mJ/cm(2)) for 3 consecutive days and topically applied SOP. Sunburn cells were detected by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Apoptotic cells were detected by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), p53 protein, Bax protein, and Bcl-2 protein were detected by using immunohistochemical staining. Results. Compared with UVB group, UVB-irradiated skin with topically applied SOP showed significantly decreased EI. Compared with UVB group, topical SOP significantly increased Bcl-2 protein expression and decreased CPDs-positive cells, sunburn cells, apoptotic cells, p53 protein expression, and Bax protein expressions in the epidermis of UVB-irradiated foreskin. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that topical SOP can protect human skin against UVB-induced photodamage.
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Effect of soybean protein on novel cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.
Rebholz, CM, Reynolds, K, Wofford, MR, Chen, J, Kelly, TN, Mei, H, Whelton, PK, He, J
European journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;(1):58-63
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and the world. Clinical trials have suggested that soybean protein lowers lipids and blood pressure. The effect of soybean protein on novel CVD risk factors has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soybean protein on biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and adipocytokines. SUBJECTS/METHODS The effect of 8 weeks of 40 g of soybean protein supplement (89.3 mg isoflavones), 40 g of milk protein supplement and 40 g of complex carbohydrate placebo was examined in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, three-phase crossover trial among adults in New Orleans, Louisiana and Jackson, Mississippi. Plasma levels of inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin) and adipocytokines (high-molecular weight adiponectin, leptin, resistin) were measured at baseline and at the end of each intervention using immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. RESULTS Soy protein supplementation resulted in a significant mean net change (95% confidence interval) in plasma E-selectin of -3.93 ng/ml (-7.05 to -0.81 ng/ml; P=0.014) compared with milk protein, and in plasma leptin of -2089.8 pg/ml (-3689.3 to -490.3 pg/ml; P=0.011) compared with carbohydrate. There were no significant changes in any other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Soy protein supplementation may reduce levels of E-selectin and leptin. Further research is warranted to investigate the mechanisms through which protein may confer protective effects on novel CVD risk factors.
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Randomized trial to assess the impact of venlafaxine and soy protein on hot flashes and quality of life in men with prostate cancer.
Vitolins, MZ, Griffin, L, Tomlinson, WV, Vuky, J, Adams, PT, Moose, D, Frizzell, B, Lesser, GJ, Naughton, M, Radford, JE, et al
Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2013;(32):4092-8
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PURPOSE Hot flashes occur in approximately 80% of androgen-deprived men. Few intervention studies have been conducted to relieve hot flashes in men. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible androgen-deprived men were randomly assigned to one of four daily regimens (2 × 2 factorial design) for 12 weeks: milk protein powder and placebo pill, venlafaxine and milk protein powder, soy protein powder and placebo pill, or venlafaxine and soy protein powder. The primary end point was hot flash symptom severity score (HFSSS), defined as number of hot flashes times severity. The secondary end point was quality of life (QoL), assessed by using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate. RESULTS In all, 120 men age 46 to 91 years participated. Most were white (78%) and overweight or obese (83%). Toxicity was minimal. Neither venlafaxine nor soy protein alone or in combination had a significant effect on HFSSS. Soy protein, but not venlafaxine, improved measures of QoL. CONCLUSION In androgen-deprived men, neither venlafaxine nor soy proved effective in reducing hot flashes. Interventions that appear effective for decreasing hot flashes in women may not always turn out to be effective in men.
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Sequential, randomized trial of a low-fat, high-fiber diet and soy supplementation: effects on circulating IGF-I and its binding proteins in premenopausal women.
Gann, PH, Kazer, R, Chatterton, R, Gapstur, S, Thedford, K, Helenowski, I, Giovanazzi, S, Van Horn, L
International journal of cancer. 2005;(2):297-303
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Despite evidence supporting the involvement of the IGF system in the development of breast and other cancers, the major determinants of interindividual variability in circulatory IGF-I levels are not well understood. Previous research has pointed to important genetic influences as well as dietary effects through marked calorie or protein restriction. We conducted a randomized trial to determine the effects of 2 dietary patterns on serum IGF-1, IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 in free-living premenopausal women: phase 1, an isocaloric low-fat, high-fiber (LFHF) vs. usual diet, and phase 2, a soy supplement either with or without isoflavones (soy+IF vs. soy-IF). Participants completed 12 menstrual cycles on phase 1 and then were randomly assigned to a soy supplement for 3 cycles while maintaining the phase 1 diet. Before and after each phase, 154 women provided serum. We found no difference in the change in IGF-I, BP1 or BP3 in the LFHF group compared to the usual diet group. In phase 2, there were no differences in any IGF protein between the soy+IF and the soy-IF groups or any evidence of interaction between isoflavone exposure and the background diet. However, there was a small but statistically significant decrease (2.3%) in BP3 and an increase in the IGF-I:BP3 molar ratio among all 153 subjects following either soy supplement. These changes were correlated with changes in intake of calcium, total vegetable protein and soy. The results are compatible with previous data suggesting that increases in dietary calcium, protein and soy, in particular, could increase circulating levels of bioavailable IGF-I.
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Soy protein containing isoflavones does not decrease colorectal epithelial cell proliferation in a randomized controlled trial.
Adams, KF, Lampe, PD, Newton, KM, Ylvisaker, JT, Feld, A, Myerson, D, Emerson, SS, White, E, Potter, JD, Lampe, JW
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;(3):620-6
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BACKGROUND Soy isoflavones have numerous biological properties that suggest that they may protect against colorectal cancer. Colorectal epithelial cell proliferation has been used extensively as an intermediate endpoint biomarker for colorectal neoplasia. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with soy protein containing isoflavones decreases colorectal epithelial cell proliferation. DESIGN A 12-mo randomized intervention was conducted in men and women aged 50-80 y with recently diagnosed adenomatous polyps. One hundred fifty participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to an active treatment group (58 g protein powder/d containing 83 mg isoflavones/d; +ISO) or a control group (ethanol-extracted soy-protein powder containing 3 mg isoflavones; -ISO). Biopsy specimens from the cecum, sigmoid colon, and rectum were collected at baseline and at the 12-mo follow-up. Ki-67 antibody immunohistostaining was used to detect cell proliferation. One hundred twenty-five participants completed the study, and proliferation was measured in the first 91 who completed the study. RESULTS In the sigmoid colon, cell proliferation increased by 0.9 (95% CI: 0.09, 1.9) labeled nuclei per crypt more (11%) in the +ISO group than in the -ISO group over the 12-mo intervention, which was opposite the direction predicted. The number of labeled nuclei per 100 mum crypt height also increased more in the +ISO than in the -ISO group. In the cecum and sigmoid colon, but not in the rectum, the proliferation count increased as the serum genistein concentration increased. Proliferation distribution and crypt height were not changed by treatment at any site. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with soy protein containing isoflavones does not reduce colorectal epithelial cell proliferation or the average height of proliferating cells in the cecum, sigmoid colon, and rectum and increases cell proliferation measures in the sigmoid colon.
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Randomized controlled trial of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on vascular function in postmenopausal women.
Kreijkamp-Kaspers, S, Kok, L, Bots, ML, Grobbee, DE, Lampe, JW, van der Schouw, YT
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;(1):189-95
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BACKGROUND The incidence of cardiovascular disease increases after menopause, possibly because of the decline in estrogen. Soy protein, a rich source of estrogen-like isoflavones, is hypothesized to improve vascular function. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with soy protein, a rich source of estrogen-like isoflavones, improves vascular function. DESIGN We performed a 12-mo double-blind randomized trial to compare the effects of soy protein containing 99 mg isoflavones/d (aglycone weights) with those of milk protein (placebo) on blood pressure and endothelial function in 202 postmenopausal women aged 60-75 y. RESULTS Changes in endothelial function during the intervention were not significantly different between the soy and the placebo groups. After the intervention, systolic blood pressure increased in the soy group significantly more than it did in the placebo group; the difference in change was 4.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.3, 8.4 mm Hg; P = 0.04) for systolic blood pressure, but only 2.0 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.74, 4.71 mm Hg; P = 0.15) for diastolic blood pressure. In the soy group only, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased and endothelial function improved in the equol producers, whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased and endothelial function deteriorated in the equol nonproducers. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trial do not support the hypothesis that soy protein containing isoflavones have beneficial effects on vascular function in older postmenopausal women. Whether certain subgroups of women (eg, equol producers) do benefit from the intervention remains to be elucidated.
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Probiotic consumption does not enhance the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy in postmenopausal women.
Greany, KA, Nettleton, JA, Wangen, KE, Thomas, W, Kurzer, MS
The Journal of nutrition. 2004;(12):3277-83
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Numerous studies report that soy lowers cholesterol. Probiotic bacteria were also reported to lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). We hypothesized that by altering intestinal microflora, probiotic consumption may also change phytoestrogen metabolism and enhance the effects of soy. To evaluate the independent and interactive effects of probiotic bacteria and soy on plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), 37 women with a baseline TC of 5.24 mmol/L were given the following 4 treatments for 6 wk each in a randomized crossover design: soy protein isolate (26 +/- 5 g soy protein containing 44 +/- 8 mg isoflavones/d); soy protein isolate + probiotic capsules (10(9) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 and Bifidobacterium longum); milk protein isolate (26 +/- 5 g milk protein/d); and milk protein isolate + probiotic. Soy consumption decreased plasma TC by 2.2% (P = 0.02) and LDL-C by 3.5% (P = 0.005), increased HDL-C by 4.2% (P = 0.006) and tended to decrease TG (P = 0.07) compared with milk protein intake. When divided according to initial TC concentration, soy effects were observed only in hypercholesterolemic women (TC > 5.17 mmol/L). In this subgroup, soy treatments decreased plasma TC by 3.3% (P = 0.01), LDL-C by 4.5% (P = 0.004), and TG by 10.6% (P = 0.02), and increased HDL-C by 4.2% (P = 0.02). When subjects were divided on the basis of plasma and urine concentrations of the isoflavone metabolite, equol, equol producers and nonproducers did not differ in baseline lipids or in the effects of soy. Probiotics did not lower cholesterol or enhance the effects of soy. These results confirm a beneficial effect of soy on plasma cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women independent of equol production status, but do not support an independent or additive effect of these particular probiotic bacteria.
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Plasma phytoestrogens are not altered by probiotic consumption in postmenopausal women with and without a history of breast cancer.
Nettleton, JA, Greany, KA, Thomas, W, Wangen, KE, Adlercreutz, H, Kurzer, MS
The Journal of nutrition. 2004;(8):1998-2003
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Soy phytoestrogens were suggested to reduce the risk of a number of diseases including breast cancer. Given that these compounds are metabolized by bacteria, alteration of intestinal bacteria and enzymes may affect phytoestrogen metabolism. We hypothesized that probiotics, when consumed with soy protein, would increase plasma isoflavones, as well as equol producer frequency, in postmenopausal women. We further hypothesized that these effects would differ between women who have had breast cancer and women who have not. To test these hypotheses, 20 breast cancer survivors and 20 controls completed four 6-wk treatments in a randomized, crossover design: supplementation with soy protein (S) (26.6 +/- 4.5 g protein, 44.4 +/- 7.5 mg isoflavones/d); soy + probiotics (S+P) (10(9) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS+1 and Bifidobacterium longum, 15-30 mg fructooligosaccharide/d); milk protein (M) (26.6 +/- 4.5 g protein/d); and milk + probiotics (M+P). Plasma phytoestrogen concentrations did not differ between controls and survivors, although genistein tended to be lower in survivors at baseline (P = 0.15), and during soy (P = 0.16) and milk protein (P = 0.16) consumption. As expected, soy consumption increased plasma phytoestrogen concentrations (P < 0.0001). Plasma phytoestrogen concentrations and the number of equol producers did not differ between the S and S+P diets. At the same time, plasma equol concentrations as well as urinary equol excretion in 2 subjects were more than 7-fold different between the 2 diets. These results indicate that this particular probiotic supplement does not generally affect plasma isoflavones, although the large differences between plasma and urinary equol in some subjects suggest that equol producer status may be modifiable in some individuals.
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Contribution of plasma proteins to splanchnic and total anabolic utilization of dietary nitrogen in humans.
Fouillet, H, Gaudichon, C, Bos, C, Mariotti, F, Tomé, D
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2003;(1):E88-97
Abstract
Splanchnic tissues are largely involved in the postprandial utilization of dietary amino acids, but little is yet known, particularly in humans, about the relative contributions of different splanchnic protein pools to splanchnic and total postprandial anabolism. Our aim was to develop a compartmental model that could distinguish dietary nitrogen (N) incorporation among splanchnic constitutive, plasma (splanchnic exported), and peripheral proteins after a mixed-protein meal in humans. Eight healthy subjects were fed a single mixed meal containing 15N-labeled soy protein, and dietary N postprandial kinetics were measured in plasma free amino acids, proteins, and urea and urinary urea and ammonia. These experimental data and others previously obtained for dietary N kinetics in ileal effluents under similar experimental conditions were used to develop the compartmental model. Six hours after the mixed-meal ingestion, 31.5, 7.5, and 21% of ingested N were predicted to be incorporated into splanchnic constitutive, splanchnic exported, and peripheral proteins, respectively. The contribution of splanchnic exported proteins to total splanchnic anabolism from dietary N was predicted to be approximately 19% and to remain steady throughout the simulation period. Model behavior and its predictions were strongly in line with current knowledge of the system and the scarce, specific data available in the literature. This model provides the first data concerning the anabolism of splanchnic constitutive proteins in the nonsteady postprandial state in humans. By use of only slightly invasive techniques, this model could help to assess how the splanchnic anabolism is modulated under different nutritional or pathophysiological conditions in humans.