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Molecular mapping and genomics of soybean seed protein: a review and perspective for the future.
Patil, G, Mian, R, Vuong, T, Pantalone, V, Song, Q, Chen, P, Shannon, GJ, Carter, TC, Nguyen, HT
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik. 2017;(10):1975-1991
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Genetic improvement of soybean protein meal is a complex process because of negative correlation with oil, yield, and temperature. This review describes the progress in mapping and genomics, identifies knowledge gaps, and highlights the need of integrated approaches. Meal protein derived from soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] seed is the primary source of protein in poultry and livestock feed. Protein is a key factor that determines the nutritional and economical value of soybean. Genetic improvement of soybean seed protein content is highly desirable, and major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for soybean protein have been detected and repeatedly mapped on chromosomes (Chr.) 20 (LG-I), and 15 (LG-E). However, practical breeding progress is challenging because of seed protein content's negative genetic correlation with seed yield, other seed components such as oil and sucrose, and interaction with environmental effects such as temperature during seed development. In this review, we discuss rate-limiting factors related to soybean protein content and nutritional quality, and potential control factors regulating seed storage protein. In addition, we describe advances in next-generation sequencing technologies for precise detection of natural variants and their integration with conventional and high-throughput genotyping technologies. A syntenic analysis of QTL on Chr. 15 and 20 was performed. Finally, we discuss comprehensive approaches for integrating protein and amino acid QTL, genome-wide association studies, whole-genome resequencing, and transcriptome data to accelerate identification of genomic hot spots for allele introgression and soybean meal protein improvement.
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Evaluation of the potential antidepressant effects of soybean isoflavones.
Messina, M, Gleason, C
Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2016;(12):1348-1360
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OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether isoflavones affect depressive symptoms in women. METHODS Literature searches were conducted to identify clinical and epidemiologic studies that evaluated the impact of soy intake and isoflavone exposure on depressive symptoms. References from identified studies were also evaluated to identify eligible studies. RESULTS Only limited epidemiologic research has evaluated the impact of soy or isoflavone intake on depression although several studies from China and Japan did find soy product intake was inversely related to risk of depression. Often times, soy was, however, evaluated only as a component of a summative dietary pattern (eg, a "Japanese" or "Healthy" diet). Of the 20 intervention studies identified, roughly half found statistically significant reductions in depressive symptoms in response to isoflavones although several had design weakness. Of those studies reporting a lack of antidepressant effects of isoflavones, design limitations likely contributed to the lack of efficacy. In all but two trials, assessment of depression was, however, a secondary outcome. It is notable that both trials in which depression was a primary outcome found isoflavones significantly improved symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Although the data are inconsistent and limited, the clinical and epidemiologic evidence suggests that isoflavones may offer a safe, well-tolerated option for management of depression. Furthermore, the intervention doses used in the clinical studies fall well within the dietary range. The extant literature reveals key design features for future studies, which based upon the results of this review, are clearly warranted.
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Epidemiology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.
Mehr, S, Frith, K, Campbell, DE
Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. 2014;(3):208-16
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PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the epidemiology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). RECENT FINDINGS FPIES is regarded as a rare non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal allergic disorder. Older nonpopulation-based studies reported an average of 1-15 cases presenting to allergy clinics a year, but recent studies have reported figures as high as 90 cases a year. The yearly incidence of FPIES in one Australian study was one in 10,000 infants less than 2 years of age. Chronic FPIES typically presents in neonates, whereas acute FPIES is primarily a disorder of young infants. FPIES has a slight male predominance; eczema and a family history of atopy are commonly present at diagnosis; almost one in 10 infants have coexistent IgE food allergies and siblings are rarely affected. There is regional variation in common triggering foods, rates of combined cow milk and soy FPIES and multiple food group FPIES. Understanding of the epidemiology of FPIES is limited by the lack of a universally accepted definition and the publication of few prospective population-based case series. SUMMARY FPIES is not as rare as once thought, but how common it is, what factors predispose to its development, and why there is regional variation needs to be addressed by future well designed population-based studies?
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Isoflavones for hypercholesterolaemia in adults.
Qin, Y, Niu, K, Zeng, Y, Liu, P, Yi, L, Zhang, T, Zhang, QY, Zhu, JD, Mi, MT
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2013;(6):CD009518
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BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolaemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Isoflavones may be effective in improving hypercholesterolaemia. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of isoflavones for hypercholesterolaemia. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases: The Cochrane Library (Issue 9, 2012), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese BioMedical Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (all to September 2012). SELECTION CRITERIA We considered randomized controlled clinical trials in hypercholesterolaemic participants comparing isoflavones versus placebo, or soy isolated protein added with isoflavones versus soy isolated protein alone. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently abstracted relevant population and intervention characteristics. We resolved any disagreements through discussion, or if required by a third party. We assessed the risk of bias of trials against key criteria: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting and other sources of bias. MAIN RESULTS We included five randomized trials (208 participants, 104 in the intervention group and 104 in the control group). Interventions ranged from three to six months. Four trials reported results in non-Asian populations published in English. One trial reported results in Chinese people published in Chinese. Overall, the risk of bias of included trials was high or unclear. There were no outcome data on death from any cause, morbidity, complications, health-related quality of life and costs. Two trials reported adverse effects, including gastrointestinal discomfort (bloating and constipation) and an increased number of hot flushes. None of the trials found serious adverse events. There was a slight significant effect on triglycerides in favour of isoflavones when compared with placebo (mean difference (MD) -0.46 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.84 to -0.09; P = 0.02; 52 participants; 2 trials). No statistically significant effects on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were shown in favour of isoflavones. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for effects of isoflavones on patient-important outcomes or lowering of cholesterol levels in people with hypercholesterolaemia. Our findings have to be interpreted with caution due to high or unclear risk of bias in several risk of bias domains, and low number of participants in trials.
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Investigating the optimal soy protein and isoflavone intakes for women: a perspective.
Messina, M
Women's health (London, England). 2008;(4):337-56
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Traditional soyfoods have been consumed for centuries throughout much of East Asia and, recently, these foods have also become popular in the West. Soyfoods and specific soybean components, such as the protein and isoflavones, have attracted attention for their possible health benefits. Isoflavones are classified as phytoestrogens and have been postulated to be natural alternatives to hormone therapy for menopausal women. To provide guidance on optimal soy intake, this article evaluates Asian soy consumption and both clinical and Asian epidemiologic studies that examined the relationship between soy intake and a variety of health outcomes. On the basis of these data and the standard principles of dietary practice the author suggests that optimal soy protein and isoflavone intakes are 15-20 g/day and 50-90 mg/day, respectively. In addition, an intake of 25 g/day soy protein can be specifically used as the recommendation for cholesterol reduction.
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Health effects of soy protein and isoflavones in humans.
Xiao, CW
The Journal of nutrition. 2008;(6):1244S-9S
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Epidemiological investigations suggest that soy consumption may be associated with a lower incidence of certain chronic diseases. Clinical studies also show that ingestion of soy proteins reduces the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This led to the approval of the food-labeling health claim for soy proteins in the prevention of coronary heart disease by the U.S. FDA in 1999. Similar health petitions for soy proteins have also been approved thereafter in the United Kingdom, Brazil, South Africa, the Philippines, Indonesia, Korea, and Malaysia. However, the purported health benefits are quite variable in different studies. The Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association has assessed 22 randomized trials conducted since 1999 and found that isolated soy protein with isoflavones (ISF) slightly decreased LDL cholesterol but had no effect on HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), or blood pressure. The other effects of soy consumption were not evident. Although the contributing factors to these discrepancies are not fully understood, the source of soybeans and processing procedures of the protein or ISF are believed to be important because of their effects on the content and intactness of certain bioactive protein subunits. Some studies have documented potential safety concerns on increased consumption of soy products. Impacts of soy products on thyroid and reproductive functions as well as on certain types of carcinogenesis require further study in this context. Overall, existing data are inconsistent or inadequate in supporting most of the suggested health benefits of consuming soy protein or ISF.
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Incorporating soy protein into a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet.
Dunn, AV
Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2000;(10):767-72
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration recommends including four servings of at least 6.25 g each (25 g/day) of soy protein into a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol to reduce the risk of heart disease. Patients are more likely to comply with this dietary change if they have their physician's support. The author discusses how the clinician can help patients incorporate soy protein into a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. A meta-analysis found that soy protein consumption achieved an average 9.3% decrease in total cholesterol, a 12.9% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and a 10.5% decrease in triglycerides. Soy pills and supplements such as isoflavone are not recommended. The cholesterol-lowering benefit has only been observed when the intact soy protein is used. Soy milk can be used in place of milk in coffee or over breakfast cereal, as well as in milkshakes and other blended drinks. Soy milk can be substituted for milk in many recipes.