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Physicochemical properties of soy protein hydrolysate and its formulation and stability with encapsulated probiotic under in vitro gastrointestinal environment.
Edwards, JS, Hettiarachchy, NS, Kumar, TKS, Carbonero, F, Martin, EM, Benamara, M
Journal of food science. 2020;(10):3543-3551
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare protein isolate from defatted soybean and identify an optimal hydrolysis protocol to create improved hydrolysates and ascertain the optimum encapsulation technique for probiotics. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared using an alkaline extraction procedure for solubility within a neutral, beverage-specific pH range. The soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) was prepared from aqueous extracted SPI using pepsin. The physicochemical properties of the SPH were investigated by solubility, degree of hydrolysis (DH), surface hydrophobicity, and electrophoresis. Hydrolysates from 2, 2.5, and 3 hr of hydrolysis time achieved the suitable DH between 2.5% to 5.0%. The 2.5 to 3 hr hydrolysates were also significantly more soluble than SPI at all pH levels from 85% to 95% solubility. Surface hydrophobicity of the hydrolysates ranged from 15 to 20 S0 values. Alginate (1%), resistant starch (2%), and probiotic culture (0.1%) were used as an encapsulation agent to protect probiotics. Alginate microcapsules were observed to be 1 mm in size using environmental scanning electron microscopy. The dried SPH and encapsulated probiotics with alginate in a dry powder formulation were tested for its gastrointestinal resistance and probiotic viability under in vitro simulated digestion. Approximately 1-log decrease was observed for all experimental groups after simulated digestion (final log colony forming units [CFU]/mL range: 6.55 to 6.19) with free probiotics having the lowest log CFU/mL (6.10 ± 0.10) value. No significant difference was observed among experimental groups for probiotic viability (P = 0.445). The findings of this research will provide an understanding of formulation for easily digestible protein and encapsulated probiotics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The findings of this research provide an understanding of improved formulation for more suitable soy protein hydrolysate and viability of encapsulated probiotics in gastrointestinal environment. Probiotics with the prebiotics in an encapsulated environment provide a technology for the enhancement of probiotics viability and for applications in suitable products for health and wellness.
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Soy intake and breast cancer risk: a prospective study of 300,000 Chinese women and a dose-response meta-analysis.
Wei, Y, Lv, J, Guo, Y, Bian, Z, Gao, M, Du, H, Yang, L, Chen, Y, Zhang, X, Wang, T, et al
European journal of epidemiology. 2020;(6):567-578
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the association of soy intake with breast cancer risk is still inconsistent due to different soy intake levels across previous studies and small number of breast cancer cases. We aimed to investigate this issue by analyzing data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study and conducting a dose-response meta-analysis to integrate existing evidence. The CKB study included over 300,000 women aged 30-79 from 10 regions across China enrolled between 2004 and 2008, and followed-up for breast cancer events until 31 December 2016. Information on soy intake was collected from baseline, two resurveys and twelve 24-h dietary recalls. We also searched for relevant prospective cohort studies to do a dose-response meta-analysis. The mean (SD) soy intake was 9.4 (5.4) mg/day soy isoflavones among CKB women. During 10 years of follow-up, 2289 women developed breast cancers. The multivariable-adjusted relative risk was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81-1.22) for the fourth (19.1 mg/day) versus the first (4.5 mg/day) soy isoflavone intake quartile. Meta-analysis of prospective studies found that each 10 mg/day increment in soy isoflavone intake was associated with a 3% (95% CI 1-5%) reduced risk of breast cancer. The CKB study demonstrated that moderate soy intake was not associated with breast cancer risk among Chinese women. Higher amount of soy intake might provide reasonable benefits for the prevention of breast cancer.
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Is soy protein effective in reducing cholesterol and improving bone health?
George, KS, Muñoz, J, Akhavan, NS, Foley, EM, Siebert, SC, Tenenbaum, G, Khalil, DA, Chai, SC, Arjmandi, BH
Food & function. 2020;(1):544-551
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia associated with cardiovascular health, and bone loss with regard to osteoporosis contribute to increased morbidity and mortality and are influenced by diet. Soy protein has been shown to reduce cholesterol levels, and its isoflavones may improve bone health. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soy protein on lipid profiles and biomarkers of bone metabolism and inflammation. Ninety men and women (aged 27-87) were randomly assigned to consume 40 g of soy or casein protein daily for three months. Both soy and casein consumption significantly reduced bone alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.011) and body fat % (P < 0.001), tended to decrease tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (P = 0.066), and significantly increased serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) (P < 0.001), yet soy increased IGF-1 to a greater extent (P = 0.01) than casein. Neither treatment affected total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or C-reactive protein. These results demonstrate that daily supplementation of soy and casein protein may have positive effects on indices of bone metabolism and body composition, with soy protein being more effective at increasing IGF-1, an anabolic factor, which may be due to soy isoflavones' role in upregulating Runx2 gene expression, while having little effect on lipid profiles and markers of inflammation.
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Performance targets defined by retro-techno-economic analysis for the use of soybean protein as saccharification additive in an integrated biorefinery.
Brondi, MG, Elias, AM, Furlan, FF, Giordano, RC, Farinas, CS
Scientific reports. 2020;(1):7367
Abstract
The use of additives in the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass can have positive effects, decreasing the unproductive adsorption of cellulases on lignin and reducing the loss of enzyme activity. Soybean protein stands out as a potential lignin-blocking additive, but the economic impact of its use has not previously been investigated. Here, a systematic evaluation was performed of the process conditions, together with a techno-economic analysis, for the use of soybean protein in the saccharification of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse in the context of an integrated 1G-2G ethanol biorefinery. Statistical experimental design methodology was firstly applied as a tool to select the process variable solids loading at 15% (w/w) and soybean protein concentration at 12% (w/w), followed by determination of enzyme dosage at 10 FPU/g and hydrolysis time of 24 h. The saccharification of sugarcane bagasse under these conditions enabled an increase of 26% in the amount of glucose released, compared to the control without additive. The retro-techno-economic analysis (RTEA) technique showed that to make the biorefinery economically feasible, some performance targets should be reached experimentally such as increasing biomass conversion to ideally 80% and reducing enzyme loading to 5.6 FPU/g in the presence of low-cost soybean protein.
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Comprehensive lifestyle intervention vs soy protein-based meal regimen in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Deibert, P, Lazaro, A, Schaffner, D, Berg, A, Koenig, D, Kreisel, W, Baumstark, MW, Steinmann, D, Buechert, M, Lange, T
World journal of gastroenterology. 2019;(9):1116-1131
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become one of the leading causes of liver disease in the western world. In obese patients weight reduction is recommended. Up to now there are no specific guidelines for weight loss in order to reduce hepatic fat content. AIM: To investigate the effects of a 24-wk guided lifestyle intervention program compared to a meal replacement regimen based on soy protein. METHODS Twenty-six subjects with NASH participated in a randomized single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either meal replacement group (MR-G) with soy-yogurt-honey preparation or to guided lifestyle change group (LC-G) with endurance activity and nutrition counselling. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lipid parameters, and adipokines were measured. Liver fat content and lipid composition were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Body fat mass and lean body mass were assessed using Bod Pod® device. Pre- and post-intervention monitoring of parameters was performed. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS software, results were expressed as median (interquartile range). RESULTS Twenty-two subjects (MR-G, n = 11 and LC-G, n = 11) completed the study (9 women, 13 men; age 52.1 (15.0) years, body mass index (BMI) 32.3 (3.3) kg/m²). In both groups a significant weight loss was achieved (MR-G: -6.4 (3.6) kg, P < 0.01; LC-G: -9.1 (10.4) kg, P < 0.01). BMI dropped in both groups (MR-G: -2.3 (1.5) kg/m2, P = 0.003; LC-G: -3.0 (3.4) kg/m2, P = 0.006). Internal fat and hepatic lipid content were markedly reduced in both groups in comparable amount. There was a strong correlation between reduction in liver fat and decrease in ALT. Likewise, both groups showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile. Changes in adipokines, particularly in adiponectin and leptin were closely related to intrahepatic lipid changes. CONCLUSION Comprehensive lifestyle intervention and meal replacement regimen have comparable effects on body and liver fat, as well as decrease in markers of hepatic inflammation among NASH patients.
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Glycemic effects following the consumption of mixed soy protein isolate and alginate beverages in healthy adults.
Huang, Z, Wang, Y, Shafer, R, Winn, NC, Kanaley, JA, Vardhanabhuti, B
Food & function. 2019;(3):1718-1725
Abstract
This study examined whether the consumption of beverages containing mixed soy protein isolate (SPI) and fiber, alginate (ALG), would affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses or appetite in healthy adults. Following an overnight fast, twelve healthy subjects were asked to consume six standardized breakfast beverages in a randomized order: a 122 kcal sugar beverage (CONT), a 122 kcal sugar beverage with ALG, a 172 kcal sugar beverage with SPI at pH 7 (SPI-7) or 6 (SPI-6), and a 172 kcal sugar beverage with mixed SPI and alginate at pH 7 (SPI + ALG-7) or 6 (SPI + ALG-6). Subjects consumed one of the beverages at time 0. Blood samples were drawn at -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min and questionnaires were completed immediately following the blood drawing at each time point. The results showed that, compared to CONT, the consumption of SPI-7, SPI-6, SPI + ALG-7 and SPI + ALG-6 significantly lowered (P < 0.05) the peak plasma glucose concentration (33.4%, 36.3%, 53.2%, and 58.5%, respectively), 120 min incremental area under the curve (AUC), and peak insulin concentration. SPI + ALG-6 and SPI + ALG-7 exhibited a significant reduction in the peak glucose concentration compared to SPI without alginate (P < 0.05). No significant effect on appetite was found in any conditions. Electrostatic interactions between the protein and alginate during digestion and formation of intragastric gel could play an important role in influencing the postprandial glucose response. This study indicates that the consumption of mixed SPI and ALG beverages was the most effective in attenuating the postprandial glycemic excursion in healthy adult subjects.
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A Meta-Analysis of 46 Studies Identified by the FDA Demonstrates that Soy Protein Decreases Circulating LDL and Total Cholesterol Concentrations in Adults.
Blanco Mejia, S, Messina, M, Li, SS, Viguiliouk, E, Chiavaroli, L, Khan, TA, Srichaikul, K, Mirrahimi, A, Sievenpiper, JL, Kris-Etherton, P, et al
The Journal of nutrition. 2019;(6):968-981
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain plant foods (nuts and soy protein) and food components (viscous fibers and plant sterols) have been permitted by the FDA to carry a heart health claim based on their cholesterol-lowering ability. The FDA is currently considering revoking the heart health claim for soy protein due to a perceived lack of consistent LDL cholesterol reduction in randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE We performed a meta-analysis of the 46 controlled trials on which the FDA will base its decision to revoke the heart health claim for soy protein. METHODS We included the 46 trials on adult men and women, with baseline circulating LDL cholesterol concentrations ranging from 110 to 201 mg/dL, as identified by the FDA, that studied the effects of soy protein on LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC) compared with non-soy protein. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method with a random effects model and expressed as mean differences with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed and quantified. RESULTS Of the 46 trials identified by the FDA, 43 provided data for meta-analyses. Of these, 41 provided data for LDL cholesterol, and all 43 provided data for TC. Soy protein at a median dose of 25 g/d during a median follow-up of 6 wk decreased LDL cholesterol by 4.76 mg/dL (95% CI: -6.71, -2.80 mg/dL, P < 0.0001; I2 = 55%, P < 0.0001) and decreased TC by 6.41 mg/dL (95% CI: -9.30, -3.52 mg/dL, P < 0.0001; I2 = 74%, P < 0.0001) compared with non-soy protein controls. There was no dose-response effect or evidence of publication bias for either outcome. Inspection of the individual trial estimates indicated most trials (∼75%) showed a reduction in LDL cholesterol (range: -0.77 to -58.60 mg/dL), although only a minority of these were individually statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Soy protein significantly reduced LDL cholesterol by approximately 3-4% in adults. Our data support the advice given to the general public internationally to increase plant protein intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03468127.
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Lunasin does not slow ALS progression: results of an open-label, single-center, hybrid-virtual 12-month trial.
Bedlack, RS, Wicks, P, Vaughan, T, Opie, A, Blum, R, Dios, A, Sadri-Vakili, G
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration. 2019;(3-4):285-293
Abstract
Objective: Lunasin, a soy peptide that reportedly alters histone acetylation in vitro, was associated with a single ALS reversal in the media. Following an ALSUntangled report, we sought to determine whether Lunasin altered histone acetylation and improved progression in people with ALS, and whether patient-centric trial design features might improve enrollment and retention. Methods: This single-center, year-long trial (NCT02709330) featured broad inclusion criteria, historical controls, primarily virtual data collection, and real-time results. Participants measured their own ALSFRS-R score, weight and perceived efficacy, and recorded these monthly on PatientsLikeMe. Blood tests at screening and month 1 assessed alterations in histone H3 and H4 acetylation. The protocol was published online, empowering patients outside the study to self-experiment. Results: Fifty participants enrolled in 5.5 months. Although this population had more advanced disease compared to other trials, retention and adherence were very high. There was no significant effect of Lunasin treatment on histone acetylation or disease progression. A cohort following our protocol outside the trial reported similar side effects and perceived effectiveness; however, their compliance with data entry was markedly lower. Conclusions: While Lunasin's lack of efficacy is disappointing, our novel trial design had the highest ALS trial enrollment rate ever recorded, with excellent retention and adherence. Low data density from patients who are self-experimenting outside a formal protocol casts doubt on the possibility of gathering useful information from unsupervised expanded access programs or "right to try" initiatives.
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Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Nachvak, SM, Moradi, S, Anjom-Shoae, J, Rahmani, J, Nasiri, M, Maleki, V, Sadeghi, O
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2019;(9):1483-1500.e17
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies to summarize findings on the associations between intakes of soy, soy isoflavones, and soy protein and risk of mortality from all causes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS Online databases were systematically searched to identify relevant articles published earlier than May 2018. We applied restricted cubic splines using random-effects analysis to assess dose-response associations. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by I2 value and Cochrane Q test. Potential publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of funnel plots and Begg regression test. RESULTS In total, 23 prospective studies with an overall sample size of 330,826 participants were included in the current systematic review and the meta-analysis. Soy/soy products consumption was inversely associated with deaths from cancers (pooled relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.99; P=0.03; I2=47.1%, 95% CI 0.0% to 75.4%) and cardiovascular diseases (pooled effect size: 0.85, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.99; P=0.04; I2=50.0%, 95% CI 0.0% to 77.6%). Such significant associations were also observed for all-cause mortality in some subgroups of the included studies, particularly those with higher quality. In addition, higher intake of soy was associated with decreased risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers as well as ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Participants in the highest category of dietary soy isoflavones intake had a 10% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with those in the lowest category. We also found that a 10-mg/day increase in intake of soy isoflavones was associated with 7% and 9% decreased risk of mortality from all cancers and also breast cancer respectively. Furthermore, a 12% reduction in breast cancer death was indicated for each 5-g/day increase in consumption of soy protein. However, intake of soy protein was not significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular diseases mortality. CONCLUSIONS Soy and its isoflavones may favorably influence risk of mortality. In addition, soy protein intake was associated with a decreased risk in the mortality of breast cancer. Our findings may support the current recommendations to increase intake of soy for greater longevity.
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Cumulative Meta-Analysis of the Soy Effect Over Time.
Jenkins, DJA, Blanco Mejia, S, Chiavaroli, L, Viguiliouk, E, Li, SS, Kendall, CWC, Vuksan, V, Sievenpiper, JL
Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019;(13):e012458
Abstract
Background Soy protein foods have attracted attention as useful plant protein foods with mild cholesterol-lowering effects that are suitable for inclusion in therapeutic diets. But on the basis of the lack of consistency in significant cholesterol reduction by soy in 46 randomized controlled trials, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is reassessing whether the 1999 heart health claim for soy protein should be revoked. Methods and Results We have, therefore, performed a cumulative meta-analysis on the 46 soy trials identified by the FDA to determine if at any time, since the 1999 FDA final rule that established the soy heart health claim, the soy effect on serum cholesterol lost significance. The cumulative meta-analysis for both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol demonstrated preservation of the small, but significant, reductions seen both before and during the subsequent 14 years since the health claim was originally approved. For low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the mean reduction in 1999 was -6.3 mg/dL (95% CI, -8.7 to -3.9 mg/dL; P=0.00001) and remained in the range of -4.2 to -6.7 mg/dL ( P=0.0006 to P=0.0002, respectively) in the years after 1999. At no time point did the total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reductions lose significance or were the differences at individual time points in the cumulative meta-analysis significantly different from those seen in 1999 when the health claim was approved. Conclusions A cumulative meta-analysis of the data selected by the FDA indicates continued significance of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction after soy consumption and supports the rationale behind the original soy FDA heart health claim.