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1.
Allelic variation for alpha-Glucan Water Dikinase is associated with starch phosphate content in tetraploid potato.
Uitdewilligen, JGAML, Wolters, AMA, van Eck, HJ, Visser, RGF
Plant molecular biology. 2022;(4-5):469-480
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Abstract
Association analysis resulted in the identification of specific StGWD alleles causing either an increase or decrease in starch phosphate content which was verified in diploid and tetraploid potato mapping populations. Potatoes are grown for various purposes like French fries, table potatoes, crisps and for their starch. One of the most important aspects of potato starch is that it contains a high amount of phosphate ester groups which are considered to be important for providing improved functionalization after derivatization processes. Little is known about the variation in phosphate content as such in different potato varieties and thus we studied the genetic diversity for this trait. From other studies it was clear that the phosphate content is controlled by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) underlying the candidate gene α-Glucan Water Dikinase (StGWD) on chromosome 5. We performed direct amplicon sequencing of this gene by Sanger sequencing. Sequences of two StGWD amplicons from a global collection of 398 commercial cultivars and progenitor lines were used to identify 16 different haplotypes. By assigning tag SNPs to these haplotypes, each of the four alleles present in a cultivar could be deduced and linked to a phosphate content. A high value for intra-individual heterozygosity was observed (Ho = 0.765). The average number of different haplotypes per individual (Ai) was 3.1. Pedigree analysis confirmed that the haplotypes are identical-by-descent (IBD) and offered insight in the breeding history of elite potato germplasm. Haplotypes originating from introgression of wild potato accessions carrying resistance genes could be traced. Furthermore, association analysis resulted in the identification of specific StGWD alleles causing either an increase or decrease in starch phosphate content varying from 12 nmol PO4/mg starch to 38 nmol PO4/mg starch. These allele effects were verified in diploid and tetraploid mapping populations and offer possibilities to breed and select for this trait.
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Assessment of a 4-Week Starch- and Sucrose-Reduced Diet and Its Effects on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Inflammatory Parameters among Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
Nilholm, C, Larsson, E, Sonestedt, E, Roth, B, Ohlsson, B
Nutrients. 2021;(2)
Abstract
Dietary advice constitutes a treatment strategy for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to examine the effect of a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) on gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS patients, in relation to dietary intake and systemic inflammatory parameters. IBS patients (n = 105) were randomized to a 4-week SSRD intervention (n = 80) receiving written and verbal dietary advice focused on starch and sucrose reduction and increased intake of protein, fat and dairy, or control group (n = 25; habitual diet). At baseline and 4 weeks, blood was sampled, and participants filled out IBS-SSS, VAS-IBS, and Rome IV questionnaires and dietary registrations. C-reactive protein and cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 were analyzed from plasma. At 4 weeks, the intervention group displayed lower total IBS-SSS, 'abdominal pain', 'bloating/flatulence' and 'intestinal symptoms´ influence on daily life' scores (p ≤ 0.001 for all) compared to controls, and a 74%, responder rate (RR = ΔTotal IBS-SSS ≥ -50; RRcontrols = 24%). Median values of sucrose (5.4 vs. 20 g), disaccharides (16 vs. 28 g), starch (22 vs. 82 g) and carbohydrates (88 vs. 182 g) were lower for the intervention group compared to controls (p ≤ 0.002 for all), and energy percentages (E%) of protein (21 vs. 17 E%, p = 0.006) and fat (47 vs. 38 E%, p = 0.002) were higher. Sugar-, starch- and carbohydrate-reductions correlated weakly-moderately with total IBS-SSS decrease for all participants. Inflammatory parameters were unaffected. IBS patients display high compliance to the SSRD, with improved gastrointestinal symptoms but unaltered inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, the SSRD constitutes a promising dietary treatment for IBS, but needs to be further researched and compared to established dietary treatments before it could be used in a clinical setting.
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Combination treatment of bamboo shoot dietary fiber and dynamic high-pressure microfluidization on rice starch: Influence on physicochemical, structural, and in vitro digestion properties.
Wang, N, Wu, L, Huang, S, Zhang, Y, Zhang, F, Zheng, J
Food chemistry. 2021;:128724
Abstract
The physicochemical, structural properties and digestibility of rice starch treated by bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) combined with dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) were investigated. Compared with starch modified by BSDF alone, the combination treatment decreased the pasting viscosity and viscoelasticity of starch. Furthermore, the pasting viscosity and viscoelasticity showed an increase from 50 to 100 MPa and then decreased after increasing the pressure to 150 and 200 MPa. The enthalpy of gelatinization and relative crystallinity of starch treated by BSDF and 100 MPa DHPM significantly increased by 17% and 63%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated that flaky BSDF coated on starch granules to form a protective layer. As a result, the fractions of resistant starch increased and the starch hydrolysis extent and rate decreased under 100 MPa DHPM. This study highlights an innovative and promising strategy for improving the properties of starch and facilitating its utilization.
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Starch-based materials encapsulating food ingredients: Recent advances in fabrication methods and applications.
Guo, Y, Qiao, D, Zhao, S, Zhang, B, Xie, F
Carbohydrate polymers. 2021;:118358
Abstract
Encapsulation systems have gained significant interest in designing innovative foods, as they allow for the protection and delivery of food ingredients that have health benefits but are unstable during processing, storage and in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Starch is widely available, cheap, biodegradable, edible, and easy to be modified, thus highly suitable for the development of encapsulants. Much efforts have been made to fabricate various types of porous starch and starch particles using different techniques (e.g. enzymatic hydrolysis, aggregation, emulsification, electrohydrodynamic process, supercritical fluid process, and post-processing drying). Such starch-based systems can load, protect, and deliver various food ingredients (e.g. fatty acids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, flavors, essential oils, irons, vitamins, probiotics, bacteriocins, co-enzymes, and caffeine), exhibiting great potentials in developing foods with tailored flavor, nutrition, sensory properties, and shelf-life. This review surveys recent advances in different aspects of starch-based encapsulation systems including their forms, manufacturing techniques, and applications in foods.
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RD43 rice flour: the effect on starch digestibility and quality of noodles, glycemic response, short-acting satiety hormones and appetite control in humans.
Suklaew, PO, Chusak, C, Wang, CK, Adisakwattana, S
Food & function. 2021;(17):7975-7985
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop wheat noodles substituted with 10-40% RD43 rice flour. Starch digestibility and physicochemical and sensory properties of RD43 rice noodles and its effect on glycemic response, gut hormones, and appetite sensation in humans were also determined. The results demonstrated that the substitution of 10-40% RD43 rice flour reduced starch digestibility, the hydrolysis index, and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), while increasing undigestible starch in noodles. Noodles prepared with 30% RD43 rice flour slightly increased water absorption (WA), and the swelling index (SI) without altering cooking loss. When compared with the control, 30% RD43 rice showed higher lightness (L*) and lower redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and hardness with similar overall acceptability. In human studies, ingestion of 30% RD43 rice noodles significantly lowered postprandial plasma glucose at 15-90 min. Interestingly, the postprandial concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) also significantly increased at 30 min after the intake of 30% RD43 rice noodles. A significantly lower desire to eat and higher fullness were detected after 30% RD43 rice noodle consumption until 120 min. This suggests that RD43 rice flour could be a potential ingredient in noodles for controlling the glycemic response, short-acting satiety hormones, and appetite sensation.
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6.
Starch branching enzymes as putative determinants of postharvest quality in horticultural crops.
Yu, J, Wang, K, Beckles, DM
BMC plant biology. 2021;(1):479
Abstract
Starch branching enzymes (SBEs) are key determinants of the structure and amount of the starch in plant organs, and as such, they have the capacity to influence plant growth, developmental, and fitness processes, and in addition, the industrial end-use of starch. However, little is known about the role of SBEs in determining starch structure-function relations in economically important horticultural crops such as fruit and leafy greens, many of which accumulate starch transiently. Further, a full understanding of the biological function of these types of starches is lacking. Because of this gap in knowledge, this minireview aims to provide an overview of SBEs in horticultural crops, to investigate the potential role of starch in determining postharvest quality. A systematic examination of SBE sequences in 43 diverse horticultural species, identified SBE1, 2 and 3 isoforms in all species examined except apple, olive, and Brassicaceae, which lacked SBE1, but had a duplicated SBE2. Among our findings after a comprehensive and critical review of published data, was that as apple, banana, and tomato fruits ripens, the ratio of the highly digestible amylopectin component of starch increases relative to the more digestion-resistant amylose fraction, with parallel increases in SBE2 transcription, fruit sugar content, and decreases in starch. It is tempting to speculate that during the ripening of these fruit when starch degradation occurs, there are rearrangements made to the structure of starch possibly via branching enzymes to increase starch digestibility to sugars. We propose that based on the known action of SBEs, and these observations, SBEs may affect produce quality, and shelf-life directly through starch accumulation, and indirectly, by altering sugar availability. Further studies where SBE activity is fine-tuned in these crops, can enrich our understanding of the role of starch across species and may improve horticulture postharvest quality.
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Neither low salivary amylase activity, cooling cooked white rice, nor single nucleotide polymorphisms in starch-digesting enzymes reduce glycemic index or starch digestibility: a randomized, crossover trial in healthy adults.
Wolever, TMS, El-Sohemy, A, Ezatagha, A, Zurbau, A, Jenkins, AL
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2021;(5):1633-1645
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It was suggested that low salivary-amylase activity (SAA) and cooling or stir-frying cooked starch decreases its digestibility and glycemic index. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of SAA, cooling, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the salivary amylase (AMY1), pancreatic amylase (AMY2A, AMY2B), maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM), and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) genes on starch digestibility and glycemic index of cooked polished rice. METHODS Healthy subjects [pilot, n = 12; main, n = 20 with low-SAA (<50 U/mL), and n = 20 with high-SAA (>105 U/mL)] consumed test meals containing 25 g (pilot) or 50 g (main) available carbohydrate at a contract research organization using open-label (pilot) or assessor-blinded (main), randomized, crossover, Latin-square designs (trial registration: NCT03667963). Pilot-trial test meals were dextrose, freshly cooked polished rice, cooked rice cooled overnight, stir-fried hot rice, or stir-fried cold rice. Main-trial test meals were dextrose, dextrose plus 10 g lactulose, plain hot rice, or plain cold rice. In both trials, blood glucose was measured fasting and at intervals over 2 h. In the main trial, breath hydrogen was measured fasting and hourly for 6 h to estimate in vivo starch digestibility. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA for the main effects of temperature and stir-frying (pilot trial) or the main effects of SAA and temperature (main trial) and their interactions. Effects of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed separately. Means were considered to be equivalent if the 95% CI of the differences were within ±20% of the comparator mean for glucose response/glycemic index or ±7% for digestibility. RESULTS Pilot: neither temperature nor stir-frying significantly affected glucose incremental AUC (primary endpoint, n = 12). Main: mean ± SEM glycemic index (primary endpoint, n = 40) was equivalent for low-SAA compared with high-SAA (73 ± 3 vs. 75 ± 4) and cold rice compared with hot rice (75 ± 3 vs. 70 ± 3). Estimated starch digestibility (n = 39) was equivalent for low-SAA compared with high-SAA (95% ± 1% vs. 92% ± 1%) and hot rice compared with cold rice (94% ± 1% vs. 93% ± 1%). No meaningful associations were observed between genotypes and starch digestibility or glycemic index for any of the SNPs. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support the hypotheses that low-SAA, cooling, and common genetic variations in starch-digesting enzymes affect the glycemic index or in vivo carbohydrate digestibility of cooked polished rice. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03667963.
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Using iron-based phosphate binders in phosphate reduction and anemia improvement in patients receiving dialysis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Zhu, Y, Rao, J, Liao, X, Ou, J, Li, W, Xue, C
International urology and nephrology. 2021;(9):1899-1909
Abstract
PURPOSE A study was conducted to determine whether iron-based phosphate binders (IBPBs) need to be preferred for hyperphosphatemia and anemia management in patients on dialysis. METHODS For this meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy and safety of IBPBs in decreasing phosphate and correcting anemia in dialysis patients. RESULTS Nineteen trials comprising 4719 participants were included. Compared with placebo, serum phosphate decreased significantly after treatment with ferric citrate (FC), fermagate (one study), and SBR759 (one study). Hemoglobin increased significantly after treatment with FC and sucroferric oxyhydroxide (PA21). In addition, FC and PA21 reduced serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and increased ferritin and transferrin saturation, but SBR759 did not. Compared with active treatment, the non-inferiority of IBPBs in reducing serum phosphate and iPTH was demonstrated. FC significantly improved serum hemoglobin and iron-related parameters and decreased the use of intravenous iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, whereas PA21 did not increase serum hemoglobin level. The incidences of infection and hospitalization were similar between the two groups, with FC having a higher risk of diarrhea than the placebo and active treatments. CONCLUSION FC was associated with the control of hyperphosphatemia and the improvement of anemia. However, PA21 did not show superiority for alleviating anemia compared with the active treatment. Other IBPBs, such as fermagate and SBR759, remained poorly understood due to the limited number of studies. Further trials are required to assess the effect of IBPBs on the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
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Nano-cellulose reinforced starch bio composite films- A review on green composites.
Bangar, SP, Whiteside, WS
International journal of biological macromolecules. 2021;:849-860
Abstract
Plastic-based food packaging is generating a serious environmental problem by accumulating large amounts of plastic in the surroundings. Ecological and health concerns are driving research efforts for developing biodegradable films. There are few alternatives that could reduce the environmental impact; one of them is to substitute petroleum-based plastic with starch-based film. Starch has remarkable properties, including biodegradability, sustainability, abundancy, and capable of being modified or blended with other polymers. However, low mechanical strength and low water resistance restrict its application in food packaging. Nanocellulose isolated from lignocellulosic fibers has attracted tremendous interest in the field of science due to high crystallinity and mechanical strength, unique morphology along with abundancy, renewability, and biodegradability. Therefore, nano cellulose as a reinforcer proved to be a good option for fabricating biocomposites for food packaging. The current review will give a critical snapshot of the potential application of nanocellulose in food packaging and discuss new challenges and opportunities for starch biocomposites enriched with nano cellulose.
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Proteomics and Post-Translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-Related Proteins in Developing Seeds of Rice.
Tappiban, P, Ying, Y, Xu, F, Bao, J
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;(11)
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world's population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6-20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.