0
selected
-
1.
Potential Implications of Interactions between Fe and S on Cereal Fe Biofortification.
Kawakami, Y, Bhullar, NK
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(8)
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) are two essential elements for plants, whose interrelation is indispensable for numerous physiological processes. In particular, Fe homeostasis in cereal species is profoundly connected to S nutrition because phytosiderophores, which are the metal chelators required for Fe uptake and translocation in cereals, are derived from a S-containing amino acid, methionine. To date, various biotechnological cereal Fe biofortification strategies involving modulation of genes underlying Fe homeostasis have been reported. Meanwhile, the resultant Fe-biofortified crops have been minimally characterized from the perspective of interaction between Fe and S, in spite of the significance of the crosstalk between the two elements in cereals. Here, we intend to highlight the relevance of Fe and S interrelation in cereal Fe homeostasis and illustrate the potential implications it has to offer for future cereal Fe biofortification studies.
-
2.
Sulfur Homeostasis in Plants.
Li, Q, Gao, Y, Yang, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(23)
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. S is majorly absorbed as sulfate from soil, and is then translocated to plastids in leaves, where it is assimilated into organic products. Cysteine (Cys) is the first organic product generated from S, and it is used as a precursor to synthesize many S-containing metabolites with important biological functions, such as glutathione (GSH) and methionine (Met). The reduction of sulfate takes place in a two-step reaction involving a variety of enzymes. Sulfate transporters (SULTRs) are responsible for the absorption of SO42- from the soil and the transport of SO42- in plants. There are 12-16 members in the S transporter family, which is divided into five categories based on coding sequence homology and biochemical functions. When exposed to S deficiency, plants will alter a series of morphological and physiological processes. Adaptive strategies, including cis-acting elements, transcription factors, non-coding microRNAs, and phytohormones, have evolved in plants to respond to S deficiency. In addition, there is crosstalk between S and other nutrients in plants. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying S homeostasis in plants.
-
3.
The Role of Selective Protein Degradation in the Regulation of Iron and Sulfur Homeostasis in Plants.
Wawrzyńska, A, Sirko, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(8)
Abstract
Plants are able to synthesize all essential metabolites from minerals, water, and light to complete their life cycle. This plasticity comes at a high energy cost, and therefore, plants need to tightly allocate resources in order to control their economy. Being sessile, plants can only adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions, relying on quality control mechanisms. The remodeling of cellular components plays a crucial role, not only in response to stress, but also in normal plant development. Dynamic protein turnover is ensured through regulated protein synthesis and degradation processes. To effectively target a wide range of proteins for degradation, plants utilize two mechanistically-distinct, but largely complementary systems: the 26S proteasome and the autophagy. As both proteasomal- and autophagy-mediated protein degradation use ubiquitin as an essential signal of substrate recognition, they share ubiquitin conjugation machinery and downstream ubiquitin recognition modules. Recent progress has been made in understanding the cellular homeostasis of iron and sulfur metabolisms individually, and growing evidence indicates that complex crosstalk exists between iron and sulfur networks. In this review, we highlight the latest publications elucidating the role of selective protein degradation in the control of iron and sulfur metabolism during plant development, as well as environmental stresses.
-
4.
Iron-sulfur cluster signaling: The common thread in fungal iron regulation.
Gupta, M, Outten, CE
Current opinion in chemical biology. 2020;:189-201
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Iron homeostasis in fungi involves balancing iron uptake and storage with iron utilization to achieve adequate, nontoxic levels of this essential nutrient. Extensive work in the nonpathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe has uncovered unique iron regulation networks for each organism that control iron metabolism via distinct molecular mechanisms. However, common themes have emerged from these studies. The activities of all fungal iron-sensing transcription factors characterized to date are regulated via iron-sulfur cluster signaling. Furthermore, glutaredoxins often play a key role in relaying the intracellular iron status to these DNA-binding proteins. Recent work with fungal pathogens, including Candida and Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans, has revealed novel iron regulation mechanisms, yet similar roles for iron-sulfur clusters and glutaredoxins in iron signaling have been confirmed. This review will focus on these recent discoveries regarding iron regulation pathways in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi.
-
5.
Making iron-sulfur cluster: structure, regulation and evolution of the bacterial ISC system.
Baussier, C, Fakroun, S, Aubert, C, Dubrac, S, Mandin, P, Py, B, Barras, F
Advances in microbial physiology. 2020;:1-39
Abstract
Iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters rank among the most ancient and conserved prosthetic groups. Fe-S clusters containing proteins are present in most, if not all, organisms. Fe-S clusters containing proteins are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, from gene regulation to central metabolism, via gene expression, RNA modification or bioenergetics. Fe-S clusters are built by biogenesis machineries conserved throughout both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We focus mostly on bacterial ISC machinery, but not exclusively, as we refer to eukaryotic ISC system when it brings significant complementary information. Besides covering the structural and regulatory aspects of Fe-S biogenesis, this review aims to highlight Fe-S biogenesis facets remaining matters of discussion, such as the role of frataxin, or the link between fatty acid metabolism and Fe-S homeostasis. Last, we discuss recent advances on strategies used by different species to make and use Fe-S clusters in changing redox environmental conditions.
-
6.
Unraveling the role of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase in metabolic diseases.
Kruithof, PD, Lunev, S, Aguilar Lozano, SP, de Assis Batista, F, Al-Dahmani, ZM, Joles, JA, Dolga, AM, Groves, MR, van Goor, H
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease. 2020;(6):165716
Abstract
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST, EC 2.8.1.1), also known as Rhodanese, is a mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of sulfur in several molecular pathways. After its initial identification as a cyanide detoxification enzyme, it was found that its functions also include sulfur metabolism, modification of iron‑sulfur clusters and the reduction of antioxidants glutathione and thioredoxin. TST deficiency was shown to be strongly related to the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity. This review summarizes research related to the enzymatic properties and functions of TST, to then explore the association between the effects of TST on mitochondria and development of diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
-
7.
Mammalian iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis: Recent insights into the roles of frataxin, acyl carrier protein and ATPase-mediated transfer to recipient proteins.
Maio, N, Jain, A, Rouault, TA
Current opinion in chemical biology. 2020;:34-44
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
The recently solved crystal structures of the human cysteine desulfurase NFS1, in complex with the LYR protein ISD11, the acyl carrier protein ACP, and the main scaffold ISCU, have shed light on the molecular interactions that govern initial cluster assembly on ISCU. Here, we aim to highlight recent insights into iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster (ISC) biogenesis in mammalian cells that have arisen from the crystal structures of the core ISC assembly complex. We will also discuss how ISCs are delivered to recipient proteins and the challenges that remain in dissecting the pathways that deliver clusters to numerous Fe-S recipient proteins in both the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic compartments of mammalian cells.
-
8.
The Sulphur Response in Wheat Grain and Its Implications for Acrylamide Formation and Food Safety.
Raffan, S, Oddy, J, Halford, NG
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(11)
Abstract
Free (soluble, non-protein) asparagine concentration can increase many-fold in wheat grain in response to sulphur deficiency. This exacerbates a major food safety and regulatory compliance problem for the food industry because free asparagine may be converted to the carcinogenic contaminant, acrylamide, during baking and processing. Here, we describe the predominant route for the conversion of asparagine to acrylamide in the Maillard reaction. The effect of sulphur deficiency and its interaction with nitrogen availability is reviewed, and we reiterate our advice that sulphur should be applied to wheat being grown for human consumption at a rate of 20 kg per hectare. We describe the genetic control of free asparagine accumulation, including genes that encode metabolic enzymes (asparagine synthetase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, and asparaginase), regulatory protein kinases (sucrose nonfermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) and general control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2)), and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, and how this genetic control responds to sulphur, highlighting the importance of asparagine synthetase-2 (ASN2) expression in the embryo. We show that expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase is reduced in response to sulphur deficiency, probably compromising glutathione synthesis. Finally, we describe unexpected effects of sulphur deficiency on carbon metabolism in the endosperm, with large increases in expression of sucrose synthase-2 (SuSy2) and starch synthases.
-
9.
Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules in Plants.
Nakai, Y, Maruyama-Nakashita, A
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;(10)
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential element required for plant growth. It can be found as a thiol group of proteins or non-protein molecules, and as various sulfur-containing small biomolecules, including iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters, molybdenum cofactor (Moco), and sulfur-modified nucleotides. Thiol-mediated redox regulation has been well investigated, whereas biosynthesis pathways of the sulfur-containing small biomolecules have not yet been clearly described. In order to understand overall sulfur transfer processes in plant cells, it is important to elucidate the relationships among various sulfur delivery pathways as well as to investigate their interactions. In this review, we summarize the information from recent studies on the biosynthesis pathways of several sulfur-containing small biomolecules and the proteins participating in these processes. In addition, we show characteristic features of gene expression in Arabidopsis at the early stage of sulfate depletion from the medium, and we provide insights into sulfur transfer processes in plant cells.
-
10.
Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species in human male fertility. A crossroad of cellular signaling and pathology.
Otasevic, V, Stancic, A, Korac, A, Jankovic, A, Korac, B
BioFactors (Oxford, England). 2020;(2):206-219
Abstract
Infertility is a significant global health problem that currently affects one of six couples in reproductive age. The quality of male reproductive cells dramatically decreased over the last years and almost every aspect of modern life additionally worsen sperm functional parameters that consequently markedly increase male infertility. This clearly points out the importance of finding a new approach to treat male infertility. Redox signaling mediated by reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, and RSS respectively), has appeared important for sperm reproductive function. Present review summarizes the current knowledge of ROS, RNS, and RSS in male reproductive biology and identifies potential targets for development of novel pharmacological and therapeutic approaches for male infertility by targeted therapeutic modulation of redox signaling.