-
1.
Evaluation of gastric residual volume in fasting diabetic patients using gastric ultrasound.
Sabry, R, Hasanin, A, Refaat, S, Abdel Raouf, S, Abdallah, AS, Helmy, N
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2019;(5):615-619
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic patients are claimed to have high risk of delayed gastric emptying; however, the evidence concerning residual gastric volume in fasting diabetic patients is not consistent. The aim of this work is to evaluate residual gastric volume in fasting diabetic patients for elective surgery. METHODS Fifty patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were included in the study. The study included 25 patients with at least 6-year history of diabetes and 25 healthy controls. Gastric ultrasound was performed to measure antral cross-sectional area in semi-sitting and right lateral positions. Nasogastric tube was inserted after induction of anaesthesia to aspirate and calculate the volume of gastric contents. Both study groups were compared according to antral cross-sectional area, residual gastric volume, risk of aspiration, in addition to demographic data. RESULTS The diabetic group showed higher median (quartiles) antral cross-sectional area (13.8 [9.5-19.5] mm2 versus 8.8 [5.5-10.5] mm2 , P < 0.001), and higher calculated gastric residual volume, (177 [96-275] mL versus 83 [50-109] mL, P < 0.001) compared to the control group. The diabetic group also showed higher aspirated volume through the nasogastric tube compared to the control group (150 [85-210] mL versus 75 [35-87] mL, P < 0.001). The correlation was very good between calculated residual gastric volume using ultrasound measures and volume of aspirated gastric contents through nasogastric tube. CONCLUSION Patients with long standing diabetes showed higher residual gastric volume compared to healthy controls after fasting 8 hours for elective surgery.
-
2.
"Full Stomach" Despite the Wait: Point-of-care Gastric Ultrasound at the Time of Procedural Sedation in the Pediatric Emergency Department.
Leviter, J, Steele, DW, Constantine, E, Linakis, JG, Amanullah, S
Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2019;(7):752-760
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to use gastric point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to assess gastric contents and volume, summarize the prevalence of "full stomach," and explore the relationship between fasting time and gastric contents at the time of procedural sedation. METHODS This was a prospective study of patients aged 2 to 17 years fasting prior to procedural sedation. A single sonographer scanned each patient's gastric antrum in two positions: supine with the upper body elevated and right lateral decubitus (RLD). Gastric content (empty, liquid, or solid) was noted, and the gastric volume (mL/kg) was estimated from antral cross-sectional area (CSA). "Full stomach" was defined as any solid content or >1.2 mL/kg of liquid gastric content. RESULTS We enrolled 116 subjects, with a median fasting time of 5.8 hours. Of the 107 with evaluable images, 74 patients, 69% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 60%-77%), were categorized as having a full stomach. Each hour of fasting was associated with lower odds (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65-0) of a full stomach. However, the knowledge of fasting time alone provides little ability to discriminate between risk groups (C-index = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS Gastric POCUS classified many patients as having a full stomach at the time of expected procedural sedation, despite prolonged fasting times. These findings may inform risk-benefit considerations when planning the timing and medication choice for procedural sedation.
-
3.
Lung Ultrasound for Critically Ill Patients.
Mojoli, F, Bouhemad, B, Mongodi, S, Lichtenstein, D
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2019;(6):701-714
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound is increasingly used at the bedside to integrate the clinical assessment of the critically ill; in particular, lung ultrasound has greatly developed in the last decade. This review describes basic lung ultrasound signs and focuses on their applications in critical care. Lung semiotics are composed of artifacts (derived by air/tissue interface) and real images (i.e., effusions and consolidations), both providing significant information to identify the main acute respiratory disorders. Lung ultrasound signs, either alone or combined with other point-of-care ultrasound techniques, are helpful in the diagnostic approach to patients with acute respiratory failure, circulatory shock, or cardiac arrest. Moreover, a semiquantification of lung aeration can be performed at the bedside and used in mechanically ventilated patients to guide positive end-expiratory pressure setting, assess the efficacy of treatments, monitor the evolution of the respiratory disorder, and help the weaning process. Finally, lung ultrasound can be used for early detection and management of respiratory complications under mechanical ventilation, such as pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, atelectasis, and pleural effusions. Lung ultrasound is a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool that might in the near future become part of the basic knowledge of physicians caring for the critically ill patient.
-
4.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound for the Pediatric Hospitalist's Practice.
Hopkins, A, Doniger, SJ
Hospital pediatrics. 2019;(9):707-718
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has the potential to provide real-time valuable information that could alter diagnosis, treatment, and management practices in pediatric hospital medicine. We review the existing pediatric POCUS literature to identify potential clinical applications within the scope of pediatric hospital medicine. Diagnostic point-of-care applications most relevant to the pediatric hospitalist include lung ultrasound for pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis; cardiac ultrasound for global cardiac function and hydration status; renal or bladder ultrasound for nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, and bladder volumes; soft tissue ultrasound for differentiating cellulitis from abscess; and procedural-guidance applications, including line placement, lumbar puncture, and abscess incision and drainage. We discuss POCUS applications with reviews of major pathologic findings, research gaps, the integration of POCUS into practice, and barriers to implementation.
-
5.
Noninvasive evaluation of muscle mass by ultrasonography of quadriceps femoris muscle in End-Stage Renal Disease patients on hemodialysis.
Sabatino, A, Regolisti, G, Delsante, M, Di Motta, T, Cantarelli, C, Pioli, S, Grassi, G, Batini, V, Gregorini, M, Fiaccadori, E
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2019;(3):1232-1239
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Protein-Energy Wasting (PEW) is a pathological condition of renal patients with advanced Chronic Kidney Disease characterized by a progressive reduction of energy and protein assets. Nutritional status assessment, especially for what concerns muscle mass, is essential for both the identification of patients at risk for the development of PEW, as well as monitoring the effects of nutritional interventions. Ultrasound methods are easily applicable at the bedside for quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle. The present study was aimed at evaluating quadriceps rectus femoris thickness (QRFT) and quadriceps vastus intermedius thickness (QVIT) in patients on chronic hemodialysis. METHODS This was a prospective observational study. Three groups of adult patients were studied: young healthy subjects, well-nourished hospitalized patients with normal renal function, and End-Stage Renal Disease patients on hemodialysis (ESRD-HD). QRFT and QVIT were measured at two sites bilaterally (8 measures/patient) and were compared between groups, and also between subgroups of ESRD-HD patients stratified on the basis of conventional nutritional status parameters. RESULTS We enrolled 35 healthy subjects, 30 hospitalized patients, and 121 ESRD-HD patients on hemodialysis. QRFT and QVIT of ESRD patients on hemodialysis were lower than those of both control groups (P < 0.001). After stratifying ESRD patients into subgroups based on nutritional variable cut-offs commonly used to define PEW in this clinical setting (BMI [≥ 23 vs <23 kg/m2], albumin [≥3.8 vs <3.8 g/dL]) and malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) status (<6 vs ≥6), QRFT and QVIT of patients with worse nutritional status were significantly lower than those of well-nourished ESRD-HD patients (P value range: <0.001 to <0.05). CONCLUSION Skeletal muscle ultrasound is a simple and easily applicable bedside technique in the dialysis units, and could represent an adequate tool for the identification of patients with reduced muscle mass.
-
6.
Ultrasound in the assessment of pelvic organ prolapse.
Dietz, HP
Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2019;:12-30
Abstract
Imaging is increasingly being used in urogynaecology. Because of low cost and universal availability, ultrasound (US) is the most commonly used diagnostic modality, which allows the observation of manoeuvres such as Valsalva and pelvic floor muscle contraction in real time. The ability to see beyond surface anatomy is particularly important in the posterior compartment and in obstructed defecation where this method may replace defecation proctography. Imaging is especially useful in the form of 3D/4D multiplanar and tomographic translabial US, as these modalities give access to the axial plane and the levator ani. This allows assessment of both avulsion, i.e. major maternal birth trauma, and hiatal overdistension, i.e. ballooning. Both are major risk factors for both prolapse and prolapse recurrence. This review will outline current clinical utility, introduce recent research in the respective field and provide an overview of likely future utility of imaging in the investigation of pelvic organ prolapse.
-
7.
Development of a bedside-applicable ultrasound protocol to estimate fat mass index derived from whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans.
Paris, MT, Mourtzakis, M
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2019;:225-230
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Precise measures of adiposity are difficult to obtain in clinical settings due to a lack of access to accurate and reliable techniques. The aim of this study was to develop and internally validate a bedside-applicable ultrasound protocol to estimate fat mass index. METHODS We conducted an observational cross-sectional study of 94 university and community dwelling adults who attended a single data-collection session. Adipose tissue thickness was quantified in a supine or prone position using the four-site protocol (images two anterior sites on each thigh) and the nine-site protocol (images nine anterior and posterior sites). Adipose tissue thicknesses from the four-site protocol were compared against the fat mass index that was derived from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. Subsequently, we optimized the accuracy of the four-site protocol with the addition of bedside-accessible adipose tissue thicknesses from the nine-site protocol and easily obtained covariates. RESULTS The four-site protocol was strongly associated (R2 = 0.65) with fat mass index but wide limits of agreement (-3.53 kg/m2 and 3.50 kg/m2) were observed using the Bland-Altman analysis. With the addition of the anterior upper arm and abdomen adipose tissue thicknesses as well as the covariates age, sex, and body mass index, the model accuracy improved (R2 = 0.93) and the Bland-Altman analysis displayed narrower limits of agreement (-1.57 kg/m2 and 1.60 kg/m2). CONCLUSIONS This optimized protocol developed can be applied bedside and provide accurate assessments of fat mass index.
-
8.
Added value of intra-operative ultrasound to determine the resectability of locally advanced pancreatic cancer following FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy (IMAGE): a prospective multicenter study.
van Veldhuisen, E, Walma, MS, van Rijssen, LB, Busch, OR, Bruijnen, RCG, van Delden, OM, Mohammad, NH, de Hingh, IH, Yo, LS, van Laarhoven, HW, et al
HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association. 2019;(10):1385-1392
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the resectability of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) after FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy is challenging because CT-scans cannot reliably assess vascular involvement. This study evaluates the added value of intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS) in LAPC following FOLFIRINOX induction chemotherapy. METHODS Prospective multicenter study in patients with LAPC who underwent explorative laparotomy with IOUS after FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. Resectability was defined according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. IOUS findings were compared with preoperative CT-scans and pathology results. RESULTS CT-staging in 38 patients with LAPC after FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy defined 22 patients LAPC, 15 borderline resectable and one resectable. IOUS defined 19 patients LAPC, 13 borderline resectable and six resectable. In 12/38 patients, IOUS changed the resectability status including five patients from borderline resectable to resectable and five patients from LAPC to borderline resectable. Two patients were upstaged from borderline resectable to LAPC. Tumor diameters were significantly smaller upon IOUS (31.7 ± 9.5 mm versus 37.1 ± 10.0 mm, p = 0.001) and resectability varied significantly (p = 0.043). Ultimately, 20 patients underwent resection of whom 14 were evaluated as (borderline) resectable on CT-scan, and 17 on IOUS. DISCUSSION This prospective study demonstrates that IOUS may change the resectability status up to a third of patients with LAPC following FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy.
-
9.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and MRI for Achilles tendon xanthoma in people with familial hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review.
Scott, A, Zahradnik, TM, Squier, K, Beck, C, Brunham, LR
Journal of clinical lipidology. 2019;(1):40-48
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendon xanthoma (ATX) results from tendon thickening and subclinical inflammation triggered by hypercholesterolemia, and is associated with more severe coronary artery disease and a higher risk of cardiovascular events. The ability to detect ATX by clinical examination is limited, and diagnostic imaging, for instance, using ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imagine (MRI), may improve the identification of ATX. However, the accuracy of ultrasound (US) imaging or MRI in identifying ATX in people with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has not been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically review the accuracy of US imaging or MRI in diagnosing ATX in individuals with FH. METHODS Searches in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews on the Ovid platform from inception to April 15, 2018, were conducted to identify articles. Any study design that included US imaging or MRI of Achilles tendon xanthoma in people with FH, and that included a control group of non-FH participants with either normal or symptomatic Achilles tendons, was considered eligible. All of the included studies were reviewed according to the STAndards for the Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy (STARD) method. A qualitative synthesis of the included studies was undertaken. RESULTS Fifteen studies with 699 patients with FH and 868 non-FH participants were included. Among the non-FH participants, 26 individuals had other documented Achilles tendon pathology (trauma or overuse). Evaluation with the STARD checklist suggested that the quality of evidence was low. US imaging and MRI may have acceptable sensitivity in detecting tendon thickening associated with ATX. There is a wide range in the suggested thickness thresholds and in the estimates of diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS A small amount of low-quality evidence suggests that ultrasonography or MRI can improve clinicians' accuracy in identifying ATX in people with FH, thereby identifying those with more severe coronary artery disease.
-
10.
Contrast-enhanced intra-operative ultrasound as a clinical decision making tool during surgery for colorectal liver metastases: The ULIIS study.
Desolneux, G, Isambert, M, Mathoulin-Pelissier, S, Dupré, A, Rivoire, M, Cattena, V, Palussière, J, Dinart, D, Bellera, C, Evrard, S
European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2019;(7):1212-1218
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting more colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) during surgery may help optimise strategy and improve outcomes. Our objective was to determine clinical utility (CU) of contrast-enhanced intra-operative ultrasound (CE-IOUS) using sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles during CRLM surgery. METHOD A prospective phase II trial performed at two comprehensive cancer research centres. Patients operated for CRLMs were eligible and assessable if intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS) and CE-IOUS had been performed and pathological results were available and/or 3-month imaging. CU was defined as the justified change in planned surgical strategy or procedure using CE-IOUS. RESULTS Out of the 68 patients enrolled, 54 were eligible and assessable. 43 patients underwent pre-operative chemotherapy. The median number of CRLMs was 2 (range, 1-11). Pre-operative staging was performed using MRI. IOUS allowed identification of 45 new CRLMs in 13 (24.7%) patients. Compared to IOUS, CE-IOUS allowed identification of 10 additional CRLMs in 9 (16.7%) patients. Surgery was altered and justified in 4 patients only, leading to a CU rate of 7.70% (95 CI, [3.2, 18.6]). No missing CRLMs were identified by CE-IOUS. CONCLUSIONS Although the primary endpoint was not met for one protocol violation, secondary endpoints indicate that CE-IOUS has an intermediate added-value for surgeons treating CRLMs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01880554 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/).