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1.
Maternal Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Their Effects on Maternal-Fetal Outcomes: A Systematic Review.
Gilani, S, Janssen, P
Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC. 2020;(9):1129-1137
Abstract
To synthesize and critically review the current evidence available on maternal vitamin D deficiency and its effects on maternal-fetal outcomes, this study reviewed the maternal-fetal outcomes, including prolonged labour or cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, low birth weight and small for gestational age, and preterm birth. An extensive systematic searched was performed in Medline and EMBASE, where a medical subject heading (MeSH) was used with terms "Vitamin D/25(OH)D" and "pregnancy/fetal outcomes"; these terms were combined with "and." In Web of Science and Google Scholar, a key word search was used. Nineteen articles were included for full review. This review found that the current state of the evidence is equivocal for maternal-fetal outcomes such as the risk of prolonged labour and cesarean delivery, gestational diabetes, low birth weight and small for gestational age, and preterm birth. Although some previous studies have found improvement in pregnancy outcomes with sufficient vitamin D levels, others have not shown any association with the aforementioned outcomes. This systematic review also highlights an association between the risk of preeclampsia and maternal vitamin D levels that is found to be consistent among studies.
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2.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase (CYP27B1) Gene: The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Chronic Diseases.
Latacz, M, Snarska, J, Kostyra, E, Fiedorowicz, E, Savelkoul, HF, Grzybowski, R, Cieślińska, A
Nutrients. 2020;(3)
Abstract
: Vitamin D is widely known for its roles in the promotion of apoptosis and differentiation, with simultaneous inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Modern literature lacks complete information on polymorphisms in CYP27B1, the only enzyme capable of vitamin D activation. This review presents gathered data that relate to genetic variants in CYP27B1 gene in correlation to multiple diseases, mostly concerning colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as on other pathologies, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, oral lichen planus, or multiple sclerosis.
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3.
Vitamin D microencapsulation and fortification: Trends and technologies.
Maurya, VK, Bashir, K, Aggarwal, M
The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2020;:105489
Abstract
Today, as per the latest medical reports available, majority of the population throughout globe is facing vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency. Even in sub-tropical countries like India and many others Vit D deficiency is highly prevalent despite the exuberant available sunshine (a major source of Vit D) throughtout the year. The reason could be attributed to an array of factors including socioeconomical, cultural and religious. Further, other than the sunlight, there are very limited sources of Vit D to fulfil the recommended dietary allowance of Vit D (RDA: 400-800 IU per day). A large proportion of Vit D is lost during food processing and storage due to environmental stress conditions such as temperature, pH, salt, oxygen and light. Vita D, an important micronutrient, is essentially required for the prevention of disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer etc. in addition to its traditional role in bone metabolism. Therefore, in order to meet the daily requirements of Vit D for human body, WHO has recognized fortification as the most efficient and safest method to address malnutrition. But there are innumerable chellenges involved during food fortification using Vit D as fortificants such as homogeneity into the food matrix, physico-chemical/photochemical degradation, loss during processing and storage, interactions with other components of food matrix resulting into change in taste, texture and appearance thus affecting acceptability, palatability and marketability. Fortification of Vit D into food products especially the ones which have an aqueous portion, is not simple for food technologist. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer various microencapsulation techniques such as liposome, solid-lipid particles, nanostructured lipid carriers, emulsion, spray drying etc. which have been used to design efficient nanomaterials with desired functionality and have great potential for fortification of fortificants like Vit D. The present review is an undate on Vit D, in light of its fortification level, RDA, factors affecting its bioavailability and various microencapsulation techniques adopted to develop Vit D-nanomaterials and their fate in food fortification.
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4.
Mucosal vitamin D signaling in inflammatory bowel disease.
Kellermann, L, Jensen, KB, Bergenheim, F, Gubatan, J, Chou, ND, Moss, A, Nielsen, OH
Autoimmunity reviews. 2020;(11):102672
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have identified vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency to be highly prevalent among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and low serum levels correlate with a higher disease activity and a more complicated disease course. The link to IBD pathogenesis has been subject of investigations, primarily due to the distinct immunological functions of vitamin D signaling, including anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. Vitamin D is a pleiotropic hormone that executes its actions on cells through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). A leaky gut, i.e. an insufficient intestinal epithelial barrier, is thought to be central for the pathogenesis of IBD, and emerging data support the concept that vitamin D/VDR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has an important role in controlling barrier integrity. Here we review the latest evidence on how vitamin D promotes the interplay between IECs, the gut microbiome, and immune cells and thereby regulate the intestinal immune response. On the cellular level, vitamin D signaling regulates tight junctional complexes, apoptosis, and autophagy, leading to increased epithelial barrier integrity, and promotes expression of antimicrobial peptides as part of its immunomodulating functions. Further, intestinal VDR expression is inversely correlated with the severity of inflammation in patients with IBD, which might compromise the positive effects of vitamin D signaling in patients with flaring disease. Efforts to reveal the role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of IBD will pave the road for the invention of more rational treatment strategies of this debilitating disease in the future.
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5.
The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Li, X, He, J, Yu, M, Sun, J
Annals of palliative medicine. 2020;(2):286-297
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have demonstrated that vitamin D has clinical benefits when used to treat patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, most of these studies have insufficient samples or inconsistent results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of vitamin D therapy in patients with COPD. METHODS We performed an electronic literature search of the databases PubMed, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), Embase, Web of Science and Wanfang Data. Meta-analysis was carried out by Review Manager Version 5.3 (Revman 5.3), and standardized mean difference (SMD) and mean difference (MD) were used to assess the efficacy of vitamin D therapy in patients with COPD. RESULTS A total of 25 articles involving 2,670 participants were included in this study. The overall results showed a statistical significance of vitamin D therapy in patients with COPD on forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (SMD: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.76-1.66, P<0.01), FEV1/FVC (SMD: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.56-1.58, P<0.01), Exacerbations (SMD: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23-0.64, P<0.01), Sputum volume (SMD: -6.02, 95% CI: -8.25 to 3.79, P<0.01), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) (MD: 8.82, 95% CI: 1.67-15.98, P=0.02) and COPD assessment test (CAT) score (SMD: -1.19, 95% CI: -1.74 to 0.63, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis indicated that vitamin D used in patients with COPD could improve the lung function (FEV1, FEV1/FVC), 6MWD and reduce acute exacerbation, sputum volume and CAT score.
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6.
Vitamin D in trichology: a comprehensive review of the role of vitamin D and its receptor in hair and scalp disorders.
Damiani, G, Conic, R, Orlando, G, Zampetti, A, Marinello, E, Piai, M, Linder, MD
Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia. 2020;(2):190-197
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of various biological systems. Beside its well-known function in calcium and phosphate metabolism, it plays a major role in pathophysiology of skin and adnexa. Indeed, vitamin D, through its receptor (VDR), decreases keratinocyte proliferation, improves their differentiation and modulates both cutaneous innate (antimicrobial activity and antigen presentation) and adaptative immunity (T and B lymphocyte function). The maintenance of normal hair is dependant on the integrity of the dermis, epidermis and hair cycles. Beside its effect on epidermal differentiation, VDR plays a vital role in preserving the hair follicle integrity. While the relevance of VDR has been fully elucidated, the real value of vitamin D in the hair follicle cycle still remains uncertain. To date, results in literature remain contradicting and far from definitive; still, the role of vitamin D in the various forms of human alopecia is likely to be significant. The aim of this article is to review evidence about the role of vitamin D and its receptor in trichology, with a focus on scarring and non-scarring alopecia and in particular on the potential therapeutic use of Vitamin D for hair and scalp disorders.
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7.
Vitamin D Effects on the Immune System from Periconception through Pregnancy.
Schröder-Heurich, B, Springer, CJP, von Versen-Höynck, F
Nutrients. 2020;(5)
Abstract
Vitamin D is a well-known secosteroid and guardian of bone health and calcium homeostasis. Studies on its role in immunomodulatory functions have expanded its field in recent years. In addition to its impact on human physiology, vitamin D influences the differentiation and proliferation of immune system modulators, interleukin expression and antimicrobial responses. Furthermore, it has been shown that vitamin D is synthesized in female reproductive tissues and, by modulating the immune system, affects the periconception period and reproductive outcomes. B cells, T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells can all synthesize active vitamin D and are involved in processes which occur from fertilization, implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Components of vitamin D synthesis are expressed in the ovary, decidua, endometrium and placenta. An inadequate vitamin D level has been associated with recurrent implantation failure and pregnancy loss and is associated with pregnancy-related disorders like preeclampsia. This paper reviews the most important data on immunomodulatory vitamin D effects in relation to the immune system from periconception to pregnancy and provides an insight into the possible consequences of vitamin D deficiency before and during pregnancy.
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8.
Effects of sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation on HIV patients.
Akimbekov, NS, Ortoski, RA, Razzaque, MS
The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2020;:105664
Abstract
Unlike many vitamins derived predominantly from food sources, vitamin D is produced endogenously in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. Ethnicity, skin pigmentation, socioeconomic status, geographic location, climate and sunscreen; all of these factors contribute to the amount of insolation for any given individual. Insufficient insolation creates the prerequisites for vitamin D deficiency. This is particularly true in HIV-infected individuals, who are highly vulnerable to vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, as it plays a huge role in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Antiretroviral therapy may also be a factor in vitamin D deficiency. Today, as the issues of preventing common skeletal and non-skeletal diseases with HIV-infected people are becoming highly relevant, the maintenance of vitamin D levels through exposure to sunlight or supplementation appears to be an effective and safe solution. This review focuses on studies concerning the potential role of vitamin D supplementation through adequate sunlight exposure or dietary intake in HIV-infected people. The biology and epidemiology of HIV infection, as well as the issues related to vitamin D deficiency, its status on immune function, the effect of vitamin D against HIV disease progression and other health aspects of this vitamin, are briefly explained.
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9.
Exploring the Evidence for an Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D in Juvenile and Adult Rheumatic Disease.
Zou, J, Thornton, C, Chambers, ES, Rosser, EC, Ciurtin, C
Frontiers in immunology. 2020;:616483
Abstract
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin following exposure to UVB radiation or is directly absorbed from the diet. Following hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys, vitamin D becomes its bioactive form, 1,25(OH)2D, which has been described to have potent immunomodulatory capacity. This review will focus on the effect of vitamin D in modulating the dysregulated immune system of autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD) patients across age, in particular in arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis), and systemic lupus erythematosus (with adult and juvenile onset). As well as delineating the impact of vitamin D on the innate and adaptive immune functions associated with each disease pathology, this review will also summarize and evaluate studies that link vitamin D status with disease prevalence, and supplementation studies that examine the potential benefits of vitamin D on disease outcomes. Exploring this evidence reveals that better designed randomized controlled studies are required to clarify the impact of vitamin D supplementation on ARD outcomes and general health. Considering the accessibility and affordability of vitamin D as a therapeutic option, there is a major unmet need for evidence-based treatment recommendations for the use of vitamin D in this patient population.
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10.
Possible Role of Vitamin D in Celiac Disease Onset.
Vici, G, Camilletti, D, Polzonetti, V
Nutrients. 2020;(4)
Abstract
Beside skeletal system maintenance and protection, possible extra-calcium roles of vitamin D have been recently described. In particular, studies have investigated possible roles of vitamin D as a key modulator of inflammation and immune mechanisms and of the intestinal mucosa barrier. In this regard, vitamin D has been considered as a factor that affects different conditions such as immune-mediated diseases. The new emerging role of vitamin D and its involvement in immune modulation has led it to be considered as a possible key factor involved in celiac disease (CD) onset. CD is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine that is triggered by dietary gluten protein exposure in individuals who are genetically predisposed. However, along with gluten, other environmental factors are also involved in CD onset. The renewed interest in a molecule that offers great possibilities for new roles has led to an increase in studies, although there remains a lack of studies aimed at contextualizing the role of vitamin D on CD. This review aims to define the possible role of vitamin D in CD onset as it is presently understood, taking into account potential links among vitamin D, the immune system and CD.