0
selected
-
1.
Current opinion on dietary advice in order to preserve fat-free mass during a low-calorie diet.
Rondanelli, M, Faliva, MA, Gasparri, C, Peroni, G, Spadaccini, D, Maugeri, R, Nichetti, M, Infantino, V, Perna, S
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2020;:110667
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The loss of fat-free mass (FFM) that occurs during weight loss secondary to low-calorie diet can lead to numerous and deleterious consequences. We performed a review to evaluate the state of the art on metabolic and nutritional correlates of loss of fat free mass during low calorie diet and treatment for maintaining fat free mass. METHODS This review included 44 eligible studies. There are various diet strategies to maintain FFM during a low-calorie diet, including adoption of a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) and taking an adequate amount of specific nutrients (vitamin D, leucine, whey protein). RESULTS Regarding the numerous and various low-calorie diet proposals for achieving weight loss, the comparison of VLCKD with prudent low-calorie diet found that FFM was practically unaffected by VLCKD. There are numerous possible mechanisms for this, involving insulin and the insulin-like growth factor-1-growth hormone axis, which acts by stimulating protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Considering protein and amino acids intake, an adequate daily intake of leucine (4 g/d) and whey protein (20 g/d) is recommended. Regarding vitamin D, if the blood vitamin D has low values (<30 ng/mL), it is mandatory that adequate supplementation is provided, specifically calcifediol, because in the obese patient this form is recommended to avoid seizure in the adipose tissue; 3 to 4 drops/d or 20 to 30 drops/wk of calcifediol are generally adequate to restore normal 25(OH)D plasma levels in obese patients.
-
2.
Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review.
Watanabe, M, Risi, R, Masi, D, Caputi, A, Balena, A, Rossini, G, Tuccinardi, D, Mariani, S, Basciani, S, Manfrini, S, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(9)
Abstract
The use of food supplements for weight loss purposes has rapidly gained popularity as the prevalence of obesity increases. Navigating through the vast, often low quality, literature available is challenging, as is providing informed advice to those asking for it. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature revision focusing on most currently marketed dietary supplements claimed to favor weight loss, classifying them by their purported mechanism of action. We conclude by proposing a combination of supplements most supported by current evidence, that leverages all mechanisms of action possibly leading to a synergistic effect and greater weight loss in the foreseen absence of adverse events. Further studies will be needed to confirm the weight loss and metabolic improvement that may be obtained through the use of the proposed combination.
-
3.
The immune remodel: Weight loss-mediated inflammatory changes to obesity.
Phillips, CL, Grayson, BE
Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2020;(2):109-121
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is an escalating world problem that contributes to the complexity and cost of treatment of metabolic disorders. Obesity is the result of increased storage of energy in the form of adipose tissue, reducing the quality of daily life, and interfering with longevity. Obesity is also a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disorder. The inflammatory processes affect many organ systems with expanded numbers of immune cells and increased cytokine production. Long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve and maintain. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic treatments, and surgical methods are increasingly utilized to ameliorate excess body weight and the comorbidities of obesity, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and cancers. Weight loss is also touted to reduce inflammation. Here we review the current literature on human obesity-related systemic and local changes to the immune system and circulating inflammatory mediators. Further, we consider the impact of weight loss to reduce the burden of inflammation, bearing in mind the different methods of weight loss—behavioral change vs. surgical intervention. IMPACT STATEMENT As the prevalence and severity of obesity expand, the negative impact of excess adiposity affects every system of the body. Given that obesity is a subversive attack on the immune system, weight loss should improve inflammation locally and systemically. Weight management strategies like dieting, exercise, and bariatric surgery, thus have the opportunity to reduce the burden of inflammation.
-
4.
Weight loss probiotic supplementation effect in overweight and obesity subjects: A review.
Guazzelli Marques, C, de Piano Ganen, A, Zaccaro de Barros, A, Thomatieli Dos Santos, RV, Dos Santos Quaresma, MVL
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2020;(3):694-704
Abstract
Obese individuals present adverse changes in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, leading to alterations in energy balance, lipid metabolism, endocrine disturbances, and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation increases. Probiotic supplementation appears to change gut microbiota by decrease gut permeability, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, creating a promising environment to weight loss. This revision resumes the main findings of probiotic supplementation and weight loss that contributed to building the current background linking changes in gut microbiota profile and with obesity.
-
5.
Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Health: From Religious Fast to Time-Restricted Feeding.
Hoddy, KK, Marlatt, KL, Çetinkaya, H, Ravussin, E
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2020;(Suppl 1):S29-S37
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Over the past 10 to 15 years, intermittent fasting has emerged as an unconventional approach to reduce body weight and improve metabolic health beyond simple calorie restriction. In this review, we summarize findings related to Ramadan and Sunnah fasting. We then discuss the role of caloric restriction not only as an intervention for weight control, but importantly, as a strategy for healthy aging and longevity. Finally, we review the four most common intermittent fasting (IF) strategies used to date for weight management and to improve cardiometabolic health. Weight loss is common after IF but does not appear to be different than daily caloric restriction when compared directly. IF may also provide additional cardiometabolic benefit, such as insulin sensitization, that is independent from weight loss. While no specific fasting regimen stands out as superior at this time, there is indeed heterogeneity in responses to these different IF diets. This suggests that one dietary regimen may not be ideally suited for every individual. Future studies should consider strategies for tailoring dietary prescriptions, including IF, based on advanced phenotyping and genotyping prior to diet initiation.
-
6.
Weight Loss: How Does It Fit in With Liposuction?
Davis, W, Lawrence, N
Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]. 2020;:S22-S28
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss is traditionally viewed as straightforward counting of calories in and calories out, with little regard to the role of the adipocytes tasked with storing said calories. However, the body executes a complex compensatory response to any intervention that depletes its energy stores. Here, the authors discuss the methods used to attain weight loss, the body's response to this weight loss, and the difficulties in maintaining weight loss. Furthermore, the authors provide an overview of the literature on the physiological effects of liposuction. OBJECTIVE To describe the role of adipose tissue in energy homeostasis, methods of weight loss, weight regain, and the effect of liposuction on endocrine signaling. METHODS The authors conducted a narrative review of representative studies. CONCLUSION A variety of strategies for weight loss exist, and optimizing one's weight status may in turn optimize the aesthetic outcomes of liposuction. This is most apparent in the preferential reaccumulation of fat in certain areas after liposuction and the ability to avoid this with a negative energy balance.
-
7.
The limits and challenges of antiobesity pharmacotherapy.
Gadde, KM, Atkins, KD
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2020;(11):1319-1328
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapy is a useful adjunct when patients with obesity are unable to achieve adequate benefit from lifestyle interventions. AREAS COVERED This review covers the history of antiobesity drugs, efficacy, and risks of currently approved drugs, limits of their usefulness in clinical practice, gaps in knowledge, methodological limitations of clinical trials, and reasons for underutilization. EXPERT OPINION In randomized controlled trials, currently approved antiobesity drugs have yielded an average weight loss ranging from approximately 3% to 9% relative to placebo at 1 year. Inadequate inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities and men, and high dropout rates in clinical trials limit generalizability of these findings to clinical practice. Weight loss achieved with antiobesity drugs is generally associated with lowered glycemia, but improvements in blood pressure and lipid measures tend to be marginal. There is limited evidence for sustained weight loss beyond 1 year and for safety and efficacy of antiobesity drugs in children and adolescents, and in post-bariatric surgery patients. None have demonstrated reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events or other significant disease outcomes. Limited health insurance coverage and negative perceptions of physicians have hindered the utilization of antiobesity drugs.
-
8.
The Merits and the Pitfalls of Low Carbohydrate Diet: A Concise Review.
Mooradian, AD
The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 2020;(7):805-808
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
Low carbohydrate diets (LCD) may help body weight loss and glycemic control in diabetes but their long-term consequences are not known. The aim of this review is to highlight the contrast between the potential benefits of short term LCD and the adverse health effects of long-term consumption of LCD. LCD can enhance weight loss in the short term although its effect is small and not sustainable. In people with diabetes and insulin resistance, LCD is helpful in achieving glycemic control. However, there are untoward side effects especially when carbohydrates are severely restricted (< 50 gm a day) to induce ketosis. The latter curbs appetite but also may cause nausea, fatigue water and electrolyte losses and limits exercise capacity. In addition, observational studies suggest that low carbohydrate diets (< 40% energy form carbohydrates) as well as very high carbohydrate diets (> 70% energy from carbohydrate) are associated with increased mortality. The available scientific evidence supports the current dietary recommendations to replace highly processed carbohydrates with unprocessed carbohydrates as well as limiting added sugars in the diet.
-
9.
GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin.
Ouyang, J, Isnard, S, Lin, J, Fombuena, B, Peng, X, Chen, Y, Routy, JP
Frontiers in endocrinology. 2020;:581839
Abstract
Weight gain and obesity are global health concerns contributing to morbidity with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver steatohepatitis and cancer. Pharmacological therapies or bariatric surgery are often required for those who fail to adhere to diet and lifestyle modifications. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic agent, seems to have a health benefit beyond its anti-hyperglycemic properties, with few side effects. Emerging evidence shows weight loss to be associated with metformin in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Recently, the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, has been identified as a key mediator of metformin-induced weight loss. Metformin increases the secretion of GDF-15, which binds exclusively to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL). This gut-brain cytokine works as a prominent player in reducing food intake and body weight in health and disease, like anorexia nervosa and cancer. Herein, we critically review advances in the understanding of the weight-reducing effects of metformin via the GDF-15 pathway.
-
10.
A Comprehensive Critical Assessment of Increased Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Weight Loss in Women.
Dreher, ML, Ford, NA
Nutrients. 2020;(7)
Abstract
No previous reviews or meta-analyses have specifically assessed the effects of increased fruit and vegetable (FV) intake on weight loss with a primary focus on women. Several studies show differences between men and women in how increased FV intake affects their weight loss and maintenance, risk of becoming overweight or obese, and the influence of eating speed and frequency on weight control. This analysis provides a comprehensive and visual assessment of the effects of increasing FV intake and long-term weight change from observational studies and weight loss from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in women. Consistent evidence from prospective studies and RCTs shows that increased intake of FV is a chief contributor to weight loss in women. This effect is enhanced with concurrent dietary restriction of high energy density (ED) or high-fat foods. Yet, the type of FV differentially impacts weight loss in women. Whole FV intake may influence weight through a variety of mechanisms including a reduction in eating rate, providing a satisfying, very-low to low energy density, low glycemic load or low-fat content. Also, FV are the primary source of dietary fiber, which can provide additional support for weight loss in women when consumed at adequate levels.