0
selected
-
1.
Mycotoxin-Linked Mutations and Cancer Risk: A Global Health Issue.
Ekwomadu, T, Mwanza, M, Musekiwa, A
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(13)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi, which can be found in common foods like maize, wheat, nuts, and foods containing them. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and some Penicillium toxins can alter genetic material. According to previous studies, they can damage genetic material and affect cell growth. Usage of chemicals such as fertilizers and fungicides is a common practice in the agricultural industry to protect plants from fungus and to feed them. However, fungicides can accelerate mycotoxin production. 16 studies were included in this Systematic Review and 11 in Meta-Analysis. This research looked at the harmful effects of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin, T2, zearalenone, and some Penicillium toxins in causing cancers. The researchers evaluated the link between aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer, fumonisin B1 exposure and liver cancer, zearalenone exposure and breast cancer, zearalenone exposure and cervical cancer, citrinine and patulin exposure and colorectal cancer, and NEO, HT-2, and T-2 exposure and Oesophageal cancer. This research did not show significant associations between various mycotoxins and cancer risk. As currently, most studies are primarily focused on aflatoxin; more robust studies are needed to assess the cancer risk associated with different mycotoxin exposure. Using the results of this study, healthcare professionals can gain a better understanding of how mycotoxins affect our bodies.
Abstract
Humans continue to be constantly exposed to mycotoxins, mainly through oral exposure (dietary), inhalation, or dermal contact. Recently, it has been of increasing interest to investigate mycotoxin-linked carcinogenicity. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence of the association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and the risk of cancer, to provide an overview of the data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk, and to provide an update on current research on the risk of cancer associated with human exposure to mycotoxins. PRISMA guidelines were used when conducting the systematic review. PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL electronic databases were comprehensively searched to extract the relevant studies published from inception to May 2022. A total of sixteen relevant studies (4907 participants) were identified and included in this review. Of these, twelve studies were from Asia, while four of the studies were conducted in Africa. The overall meta-analysis result found no significant association, although some of the studies confirmed an association between mycotoxin-linked mutations and primary liver cancer risk. Mainly, the experimental studies have shown associations between mycotoxin-linked mutations and cancer risk, and there is a need for researchers to confirm these links in epidemiological studies in order to guide public health policies and interventions.
-
2.
Evidence on Human Exposure to Pesticides and the Occurrence of Health Hazards in the Brazilian Population: A Systematic Review.
Panis, C, Kawassaki, ACB, Crestani, APJ, Pascotto, CR, Bortoloti, DS, Vicentini, GE, Lucio, LC, Ferreira, MO, Prates, RTC, Vieira, VK, et al
Frontiers in public health. 2021;9:787438
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The use of pesticides to eradicate pests is a common agricultural practice. Between 2009 and 2019, Brazilians used more chemicals to eradicate weeds, fungi, and insects. Brazil is a heavy user of pesticides, but their toxic effects, including their health and environmental effects, have not been well studied. A total of 44 studies are included in this systematic review. There is a link between pesticide exposure and neurological damage, cancer, gastrointestinal issues, poisoning, hormonal irregularities, and malformations in children, according to the studies included in this review. The systematic review shows that pesticides are toxic to both rural and urban workers regardless of their age and gender. For a comprehensive assessment of pesticides' toxic effects on the environment and human health, more robust research is needed. Despite this, healthcare professionals can use the research findings to identify pesticide health impacts and make informed clinical decisions.
Abstract
Brazil is among the biggest pesticide consumers in the world, with its population severely exposed to tons of such substances, both because of environmental contamination and occupational use. The health consequences of pesticide exposure are well-documented, but still sparse regarding Brazilian population. This study systematically reviewed the Brazilian studies published that address the relationship between exposure to pesticides and health problems in the Brazilian population. Also, information about pesticide use in Brazil is provided. The included studies showed that exposure to pesticides has a relevant impact on the health of the Brazilian population, regardless of age and gender, and on workers in rural areas or not. Most poisoning events seem to result from the continuous use of pesticides, whether occupationally or environmentally, characterizing a public health problem. The major consequences reported in literature were damage to the central nervous system, cancer, deleterious effects on rural workers' health, intoxications, malformations, and endocrine changes. These findings point out the need to understand the impact of chronic exposure to pesticides on severely exposed people and highlight the importance of creating public policies to protect them and avoid disease occurrence.
-
3.
Relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Pesticides: A Systematic Review of Human and Preclinical Models.
Biosca-Brull, J, Pérez-Fernández, C, Mora, S, Carrillo, B, Pinos, H, Conejo, NM, Collado, P, Arias, JL, Martín-Sánchez, F, Sánchez-Santed, F, et al
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(10)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by neurodevelopmental differences in the brain that manifest in divergent social and communicative abilities and stereotyped behaviours. The prevalence of ASD diagnoses has risen sharply in recent years, possibly due to changes in diagnostics criteria, but this does not fully explain the increase. ASD has known genetic predispositions, but vulnerability factors, such as influences from the external environment, are thought to influence the development of the condition. Exposure to pesticides has been of interest here, as both human and rodent studies have demonstrated links between certain pesticides and ASD-like behaviours and diagnosis. This systematic review sought to summarize current knowledge from preclinical and epidemiological studies. It included 45 human and 16 preclinical studies from animal models, focusing on Organophosphates, Organochlorine, Pyrethroid, Neonicotinoid, Carbamate, and exposure to mixed pesticides. The anayisis yielded no clear conclusion as the complexity of influencing factors made the studies hard to summarize. I.e. different types of pesticides, exposure duration, exposure routes and methodologies used in the various studies. Another problem highlighted by the author is that it is impossible to look at pesticide exposure in isolation as it always co-exists with other factors that may be harmful or beneficial for the development of the nervous system. Such as lifestyle, socioeconomics, educational status, ethnicity, gender or genetics. However, evidence suggests that some compounds like Organophosphates, Organochlorine and Pyrethroid appear to have an impact on cognitive and behavioural functions in children following exposure. Yet, further clinical research is needed to draw firm conclusions on pesticide exposures in humans and ASD in general. Overall this review yields a comprehensive overview of various pesticides and their evidence on ASD. Whilst awaiting further research more solid conclusions may be drawn by focusing on specific compounds and their existing research
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex set of neurodevelopmental pathologies characterized by impoverished social and communicative abilities and stereotyped behaviors. Although its genetic basis is unquestionable, the involvement of environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides has also been proposed. Despite the systematic analyses of this relationship in humans, there are no specific reviews including both human and preclinical models. The present systematic review summarizes, analyzes, and discusses recent advances in preclinical and epidemiological studies. We included 45 human and 16 preclinical studies. These studies focused on Organophosphates (OP), Organochlorine (OC), Pyrethroid (PT), Neonicotinoid (NN), Carbamate (CM), and mixed exposures. Preclinical studies, where the OP Chlorpyrifos (CPF) compound is the one most studied, pointed to an association between gestational exposure and increased ASD-like behaviors, although the data are inconclusive with regard to other ages or pesticides. Studies in humans focused on prenatal exposure to OP and OC agents, and report cognitive and behavioral alterations related to ASD symptomatology. The results of both suggest that gestational exposure to certain OP agents could be linked to the clinical signs of ASD. Future experimental studies should focus on extending the analysis of ASD-like behaviors in preclinical models and include exposure patterns similar to those observed in human studies.
-
4.
Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Treatment: Systematic Review.
Kelson, J, Rollin, A, Ridout, B, Campbell, A
Journal of medical Internet research. 2019;21(1):e12530
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Anxiety and its related conditions are highly prevalent on a global scale. A potential solution for people with anxiety is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)—a psychological treatment that teaches mindfulness skills to help people accept their anxiety and commit to living in accordance with personal values. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the empirical status of internet-delivered ACT for anxiety. This study is a systemic review of 20 studies. More than half of the studies were randomised control trials. Findings indicate small-to-large anxiety reductions among participants (suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and illness anxiety disorder) after internet-derived ACT on standardized measures (studies n=18), thus indicating the beneficial impact of internet-derived ACT on anxiety. Authors conclude that their current findings indicate that internet-derived ACT can be an effective and acceptable treatment for some anxiety conditions among young to middle aged adults in Western societies.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety conditions are debilitating and prevalent throughout the world. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an effective, acceptance-based behavioral therapy for anxiety. However, there are treatment barriers (eg, financial, geographical, and attitudinal), which prevent people from accessing it. To overcome these barriers, internet-delivered ACT (iACT) interventions have been developed in recent years. These interventions use websites to deliver ACT information and skill training exercises on the Web, either as pure self-help or with therapist guidance. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to examine the therapeutic impact of iACT on all anxiety conditions. METHODS The EMBASE, MEDLINE, ProQuest Central, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to September 2018. The titles and abstracts of remaining records after deduplication were screened by 2 authors with a total of 36 full-text articles being retained for closer inspection next to eligibility criteria. Empirical studies of all designs, population types, and comparator groups were included if they appraised the impact of iACT treatment on any standardized measure of anxiety. Included studies were appraised on methodological quality and had their data extracted into a standardized coding sheet. Findings were then tabulated, and a narrative synthesis was performed because of the heterogeneity found between studies. RESULTS A total of 20 studies met inclusion criteria. There were 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 uncontrolled pilot studies. Participants across all studies were adults. The anxiety conditions treated were as follows: generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), illness anxiety disorder (IAD), and general anxiety symptoms, with or without comorbid physical and mental health problems. A total of 18 studies reported significant anxiety reduction after iACT treatment. This was observed in studies that delivered iACT with (n=13) or without (n=5) therapist guidance. The average attrition rate across all included studies during the active iACT treatment phase was 19.19%. In the 13 studies that assessed treatment satisfaction, participants on average rated their iACT experience with above average to high treatment satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that iACT can be an efficacious and acceptable treatment for adults with GAD and general anxiety symptoms. More RCT studies are needed to corroborate these early iACT findings using empirical treatments in active control groups (eg, internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy). This would potentially validate the promising results found for SAD and IAD as well as address the full spectrum of anxiety disorders.
-
5.
Key Risk Factors Affecting Farmers' Mental Health: A Systematic Review.
Daghagh Yazd, S, Wheeler, SA, Zuo, A
International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(23)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The prevalence of psychological stress among farmers and farm workers is greater than that of non-farmers. The mental health of farmers can be affected by several factors, including pesticide exposure, financial problems, climate issues, and poor physical health. A total of 167 studies are included in this systematic review incorporating data from the studies conducted in 34 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. There is a need for risk assessment that influences farmers' mental health, according to this systematic review. There is a need for more robust studies to evaluate the impact of climate change and pesticide exposure on farmers' mental health and to determine which strategies can be used to help them find therapies. Using the results of this systematic review, healthcare professionals can raise awareness about mental health issues and assist farmers in identifying the symptoms, allowing them to seek help.
Abstract
Recently, concern has increased globally over farmers' mental health issues. We present a systematic review of the outcomes, locations, study designs, and methods of current studies on farmers' mental health. In particular, this review aims to fill an important gap in understanding of the potential key risk factors affecting farmers' mental health around the world. 167 articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review using a standardized electronic literature search strategy and PRISMA guidelines. The four most-cited influences on farmers' mental health in the reviewed literature respectively were pesticide exposure, financial difficulties, climate variabilities/drought, and poor physical health/past injuries. The majority of studies were from developed countries, most specifically from the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Comparative studies on the mental health of farmers and other occupational workers showed mixed results, with a larger portion identifying that psychological health disturbances were more common in farmers and farm-workers. Knowledge of farmer psychological disorder risk factors and its impacts are essential for reducing the burden of mental illness. Further research will be required on climate change impacts, developing country farmers' mental health, and information on how to reduce help-seeking barriers amongst farmers.
-
6.
The association between sedentary behaviour and risk of anxiety: a systematic review.
Teychenne, M, Costigan, SA, Parker, K
BMC public health. 2015;15:513
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Sedentary behaviour (SB) (e.g. sitting, computer use), has been linked to poor physical outcomes in adults. Research also suggests that SB may be linked to mental health conditions such as depression and self-esteem, but less is known about the link between SB and anxiety. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the link between SB and anxiety. The review, based on nine studies, concluded that there was moderate evidence to suggest that SB was linked to increased risk of anxiety although there is limited insight into the underlying mechanisms that may explain the link between SB and anxiety. Possible biological mechanisms include central nervous system arousal, sleep disturbances and poor metabolic health. Other possible explanations include social withdrawal; the theory that prolonged SB like television viewing may lead to social solitude and increased anxiety as a result. Equally, the authors suggested that it may be that people with increased anxiety spend more time socially withdrawn leading to an increase in SB. The authors concluded that further robust research was required to better understand the relationship between SB and anxiety.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has linked sedentary behaviour (SB) to adverse physical health outcomes in adults and youth. Although evidence for the relationship between SB and mental health outcomes (e.g., depression) is emerging, little is known regarding risk of anxiety. METHODS A systematic search for original research investigating the association between SB and risk of anxiety was performed using numerous electronic databases. A total of nine observational studies (seven cross-sectional and two longitudinal) were identified. Methodological quality of studies was assessed and a best-evidence synthesis was conducted. RESULTS One cross-sectional study demonstrated a strong methodological quality, five cross-sectional studies demonstrated a moderate methodological quality and three studies (two cross-sectional one longitudinal) received a weak methodological quality rating. Overall, there was moderate evidence for a positive relationship between total SB and anxiety risk as well as for a positive relationship between sitting time and anxiety risk. There was inconsistent evidence for the relationship between screen time, television viewing time, computer use, and anxiety risk. CONCLUSION Limited evidence is available on the association between SB and risk of anxiety. However, our findings suggest a positive association (i.e. anxiety risk increases as SB time increases) may exist (particularly between sitting time and risk of anxiety). Further high-quality longitudinal/interventional research is needed to confirm findings and determine the direction of these relationships.