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1.
Effect of Del Nido cardioplegia on ventricular arrhythmias after cardiovascular surgery.
Shu, C, Hong, L, Shen, X, Zhang, W, Niu, Y, Song, X, Kong, J, Zhang, C
BMC cardiovascular disorders. 2021;(1):32
Abstract
BACKGROUND Del Nido cardioplegia (DNC) has been proven safe and effective in pediatric patients. However, the use of DNC in adult undergoing cardiovascular surgery lacks support with substantial evidence. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of DNC as a cardioplegia of prophylaxis to ventricular arrhythmias associated to cardiovascular surgery in adult patients. METHODS This study recruited nine hundred fifty-four patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries in Nanjing Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between January 2019 and December 2019. Among 954 patients, 324 patients were treated with DNC (DNC group), and 630 patients were treated with St. Thomas cardioplegia (STH group). The incidence of postoperative arrhythmia as well as other cardiovascular events relavant to the surgery were investigated in both groups. RESULTS In DNC group, the incidence of postoperative ventricular arrhythmias was lower (12.4% vs. 17.4%, P = 0.040), and the length of ICU stay was shorter (1.97 ± 1.49 vs. 2.26 ± 1.46, P = 0.004). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that the use of DNC helped to reduce the incidence of postoperative ventricular arrhythmias (adjusted odds ratio 0.475, 95% CI 0.266-0.825, P = 0.010). The propensity score-based analysis and subgroup analysis indicated that DNC has the same protecting effects towards myocardial in all kinds of cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries. CONCLUSIONS Del Nido cardioplegia may potentially reduce the incidence of postoperative ventricular arrhythmias, shorten the length of ICU stay and improve the overall outcome of the patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
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2.
Pharmacological and non-surgical renal protective strategies for cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a systematic review.
Tan, SI, Brewster, DJ, Horrigan, D, Sarode, V
ANZ journal of surgery. 2019;(4):296-302
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-operative acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (AKI-CPB) for cardiac surgery is a frequent complication. It may require renal replacement therapy (RRT), which is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. This review explores the efficacy of proposed pharmacological and non-surgical renal protective strategies. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was done using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus databases. Keywords included were cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac surgery, coronary artery bypass, renal protection and renal preservation. Eligible articles consisted of all studies on patients who had undergone cardiac surgery via CPB with an outcome of AKI and/or RRT reported. All studies underwent a quality check via the risk of bias tool. The three most researched interventions (based on number of randomized controlled trials and total patients analysed) and their renal outcomes were then analysed with Review Manager Software. RESULTS Eighty-eight articles were extracted. A total of 26 management strategies for renal protection following CPB were identified. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) and the use of volatile anaesthetic agents (VAAs) were further analysed. NAC, RIPC and VAA had no statistically significant benefit in reducing either AKI-CPB or the need for RRT following CPB. CONCLUSION NAC, RIPC and VAA were found to have no statistical significant benefit in reducing either AKI-CPB or the need for RRT following CPB. There remains clinical uncertainty with all currently proposed pharmacological and non-surgical renal protective strategies for CPB. Future research in this area should analyse the effects of combined interventions or specifically focus on 'at-risk' patients.
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Nutritional Support in Postcardiotomy Shock Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients: A Prospective, Observational Study.
Hunt, MF, Pierre, AS, Zhou, X, Lui, C, Lo, BD, Brown, PM, Whitman, GJ, Choi, CW
The Journal of surgical research. 2019;:257-264
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the 6000 patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) annually, there is a paucity of data regarding the nutritional management of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective, observational study of nutrition in postcardiotomy shock patients at our institution. Over a 3.5-year study period, we identified 50 ECMO patients and 225 non-ECMO patients. We identified type, amount, duration, and disruption of nutritional delivery by cohort. The primary outcome was percent of caloric goal met, and secondary outcome was gastrointestinal complications. RESULTS ECMO patients met less of their caloric (29% versus 40%, P = 0.017) and protein goals (34% versus 55%, P < 0.001) compared with non-ECMO patients. Tube feeds were administered more slowly (26 versus 37 mL/h, P < 0.001) and held for longer (8.3 versus 4.5 h/d, P < 0.001) in ECMO patients because of procedures (60%) and high-dose pressors (20% versus 7%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ECMO decreased caloric intake by 14%, with no detected increased risk of gastrointestinal complications. CONCLUSIONS -ECMO patients received significantly less nutrition support compared with a non-ECMO population. Tube feed hold deficits could potentially be avoided by utilizing postpyloric tubes to feed through procedures, by eliminating holds for vasopressors/inotropes in hemodynamically stable patients, or by establishing volume-based feeding protocols. Further clinical studies are needed to establish efficacy of these interventions and to understand the impact of nutrition on outcomes in ECMO patients.
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Comparison of enteral versus intravenous potassium supplementation in hypokalaemia in paediatric patients in intensive care post cardiac surgery: open-label randomised equivalence trial (EIPS).
Rehman Siddiqu, NU, Merchant, Q, Hasan, BS, Rizvi, A, Amanullah, M, Rehmat, A, Ul Haq, A
BMJ open. 2017;(5):e011179
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to compare the efficacy of enteral potassium replacement (EPR) and intravenous potassium replacement (IVPR) as first-line therapy. Secondary objectives included comparison of adverse effects and number of doses required to resolve the episode of hypokalaemia. TRIAL DESIGN The EIPS trial is designed as a randomised, equivalence trial between two treatment arms. STUDY SETTING The study was conducted at the paediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU) at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. PARTICIPANTS 41 patients (aged 1 month to 15 years) who were admitted to PCICU post cardiac surgery were recruited (23 IVPR arm and 18 EPR arm). INTERVENTION Intervention arms were block randomised on alternate weeks for IVPR and EPR. OUTCOME MEASURE Change in serum potassium levels in (mmol/L) and percentage change after each event of potassium replacement by the intravenous or enteral route. RESULTS Both groups (41 patients) had similar baseline characteristics. Mean age was 4.7 (SD±4) years while the most common surgical procedure was ventricular septal defect repair (12 patients, 29.3%). No mortality was observed in either arm. Four episodes of vomiting and one arrhythmia were seen in the EPR group. After adjusting for age, potassium level at the beginning of the episode, average urine output, inotropic score and diuretic dose, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference in change in potassium levels after EPR and IVPR 0.86 mmol/L (±0.8) and 0.82 mmol/L (±0.7) respectively (p=0.86, 95% CI -0.08 to 1.10), or percentage change in potassium level after enteral and intravenous replacement: 26% (±30) and 24% (±20) (95% CI -3.42 to 4.03, p=0.87). CONCLUSION EPR may be an equally efficacious alternative first-line therapy in treating hypokalaemia after surgery in selective patients with congenital heart disease. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by Ethics Review Committee at AKU. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02015962.
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Addition of N-acetyl cysteine to carvedilol decreases the incidence of acute renal injury after cardiac surgery.
Ozaydin, M, Peker, T, Akcay, S, Uysal, BA, Yucel, H, Icli, A, Erdogan, D, Varol, E, Dogan, A, Okutan, H
Clinical cardiology. 2014;(2):108-14
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation during cardiac surgery may be associated with acute renal injury (ARI). N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and carvedilol have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. HYPOTHESIS A combination of carvedilol and NAC should decrease the incidence of ARI more than metoprolol or carvedilol. METHODS Patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomized to metoprolol, carvedilol, or carvedilol plus NAC. End points were occurrence of ARI and change in preoperative to postoperative peak creatinine levels. RESULTS ARI incidence was lower in the carvedilol plus NAC group compared with the metoprolol (21.0% vs 42.1%; P = 0.002) or carvedilol (21.0% vs 38.6%; P = 0.006) groups, but was similar between the metoprolol and carvedilol groups (P = 0.62). Preoperative and postoperative day 1 creatinine levels were similar among the metoprolol (1.02 [0.9-1.2] and 1.2 [0.92-1.45]) the carvedilol (1.0 [0.88-1.08] and 1.2 [0.9-1.5]) and the carvedilol plus NAC groups (1.06 [0.9-1.18] and 1.1 [1.0-1.21] mg/dL; all P values >0.05). Postoperative day 3, day 5, and peak creatinine levels were lower in the carvedilol plus NAC group (1.11 [1.0-1.23], 1.14 [1.0-1.25] and 1.15 [1.0-1.25]) as compared with the metoprolol (1.4 [1.3-1.49], 1.3 [1.0-1.54] and 1.3 [1.0-1.54]) or carvedilol groups (1.2 [1.0-1.52], 1.25 [1.0-1.52] and 1.25 [1.0-1.55] mg/dL; all P values <0.05), but were similar between the metoprolol and carvedilol groups (all P values >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined carvedilol and NAC decreased ARI incidence as compared with carvedilol or metoprolol. No difference was detected between carvedilol and metoprolol.
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6.
Conditioning techniques and ischemic reperfusion injury in relation to on-pump cardiac surgery.
Holmberg, FE, Ottas, KA, Andreasen, C, Perko, MJ, Møller, CH, Engstrøm, T, Steinbrüchel, DA
Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ. 2014;(4):241-8
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate the potential protective effects of two conditioning methods, on myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury in relation to cardiac surgery. DESIGN Totally 68 patients were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 23), a remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) group (n = 23) or a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue group (n = 22). The RIPC protocol consisted of three cycles of upper limb ischemia. The GLP-1 analogue protocol consisted of intravenous infusion with exenatide. The primary endpoint was postoperative cardiac enzyme release. The other secondary endpoints were metabolic parameters related to myocardial ischemia, measured using microdialysis technique, as well as other operative- and postoperative data. RESULTS Postoperative cardiac enzyme release indicated a possible beneficial effect of the interventions, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. RIPC showed a trend toward lower levels (p = 0.07). We managed to establish a functional myocardial microdialysis model, but we were unable to demonstrate clear protective effects. CONCLUSIONS We were in this prospective randomized proof-of-concept trial, unable to show distinct protective effects of the studied conditioning methods. However, this trial can hopefully contribute to generate a productive discussion concerning limitations and future use of cardiac conditioning as well as microdialysis technique.
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Early postoperative serum cystatin C predicts severe acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Kiessling, AH, Dietz, J, Reyher, C, Stock, UA, Beiras-Fernandez, A, Moritz, A
Journal of cardiothoracic surgery. 2014;:10
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery procedures is associated with poor patient outcomes. Cystatin C as a marker for renal failure has been shown to be of prognostic value; however, a wide range of its predictive accuracy has been reported. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the measurement of pre- and postoperative serum cystatin C improves the prediction of AKI. METHODS In a single-centre, prospective study of 70 patients (74 ± 9 ys; range 47-85 ys; 77% male), cystatin C was measured six times: (T1=preoperative, T2=start cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), T3=20 min after CPB, T4=end of operation; T5=24 h postoperatively; T6=7d postoperatively). Predictive property, in terms of the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), was analysed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) statistics and described by the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS With respect to RRT (n=8), serum cystatin C was significantly higher at the end of the operation (T4), 24 h postoperatively at T5 and at T6. The AUCs for preoperative T1 and intraoperative T2/3 cystatin C were <0.7 (95% CI, 0.47-0.85). The earliest significant predictive AUCs were found at the end of the operation (T4: p=0.03 95% CI 0.58-0.88 AUC 0.73) and 24 h postoperatively (T5: p=0.003 95% CI 0.74-0.96 AUC 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Early postoperative serum cystatin C increase appears to be a moderate biomarker in the prediction of AKI, whereas a preoperative and intraoperative cystatin C increase has only a limited diagnostic and predictive value.
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Advance targeted transfusion in anemic cardiac surgical patients for kidney protection: an unblinded randomized pilot clinical trial.
Karkouti, K, Wijeysundera, DN, Yau, TM, McCluskey, SA, Chan, CT, Wong, PY, Crowther, MA, Hozhabri, S, Beattie, WS
Anesthesiology. 2012;(3):613-21
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of cardiac surgery, and preoperative anemia and perioperative erythrocyte transfusion are important risk factors. Prophylactic erythrocyte transfusion in anemic patients may, therefore, protect against AKI. METHODS : In this unblinded, parallel-group, randomized pilot trial, 60 anemic patients (hemoglobin 10-12 g/dL) undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized (1:1) to prophylactic transfusion (2 units of erythrocytes transfused 1 to 2 days before surgery (n = 29) or standard of care (transfusions as indicated; n = 31). Between-group differences in severity of perioperative anemia, transfusion, and AKI (more than 25% drop in estimated glomerular filtration rate) were measured. The relationships between transfusion, iron levels, and AKI were also measured. RESULTS : Perioperative anemia and erythrocyte transfusions were lower in the prophylactic transfusion group--median (25th, 75th percentiles) for nadir hemoglobin was 8.3 (7.9, 9.1) versus 7.6 (6.9, 8.2) g/dL (P = 0.0008) and for transfusion was 0 (0, 2) versus 2 (1, 4) units (P = 0.0002)--but between-group AKI rates were comparable (11 patients per group). In 35 patients with iron studies, perioperative transfusions were directly related to postoperative transferrin saturation (correlation coefficient 0.6; P = 0.0002), and high (more than 80%) transferrin saturation was associated with AKI (5/5 vs. 8/30; P = 0.005), implicating transfusion-related iron overload as a cause of AKI. CONCLUSIONS : In anemic patients, prophylactic erythrocyte transfusion reduces perioperative anemia and erythrocyte transfusions, and may reduce plasma iron levels. Adequately powered studies assessing the effect of this intervention on AKI are warranted.
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The myocardial protective effects of a moderate-potassium blood cardioplegia in pediatric cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
Liu, Y, Zhang, SL, Duan, WX, Lei, LP, Yu, SQ, Qian, XH, Jin, ZX
The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2012;(4):1295-301
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the myocardial protective effect of a moderate-potassium cold blood cardioplegic solution (K+, 10 mmol/L) in pediatric cardiac surgery. METHODS Sixty-eight pediatric patients with congenital heart disease and undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly allocated to the high potassium (HP [K+, 20 mmol/L, n=31]) cold blood cardioplegia group or the moderate potassium (MP [K+, 10 mmol/L, n=37]) cold blood cardioplegia group. Heart arresting time, rhythm recovery time, mechanical ventilation time, inotropic drug use in the intensive care unit, perioperative serum cardiac troponin I concentrations, morbidities, and mortalities were compared between the two groups. RESULTS There were no differences in cardiopulmonary bypass time, aorta cross-clamping time, cardioplegia volume, lowest body temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass, total volume of cardioplegia delivered, hematocrit value, and fluid output during the operation between the two groups. However, there was a longer arresting time and a shorter rhythm recovery time in the MP group (35.6±2.4 s, and 30.8±3.1 s) when compared with that in the HP group (24.7±2.7 s, and 42.0±4.0 s, both p<0.05). The total mediastinal drainage volume, the length of stay in the intensive care unit, the postoperative inotropic drug use, and the postoperative hospital time were similar between the two groups, but the number of patients with a long postoperative mechanical ventilation time (>24 hours) in the MP group (6 of 36) was less than that in HP group (13 of 30; p<0.05). At 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours after myocardium reperfusion, the serum concentration of cardiac troponin I significantly decreased in the MP group (in ng/mL: 15.18±3.57, 24.83±4.91, and 19.62±3.93, respectively) when compared with that in the HP group (in ng/mL: 32.67±5.31, 39.26±7.43, and 30.52±5.17, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that the M (10 mmol/L) cold blood cardioplegia formula is associated with better myocardial protective effects when compared with conventional HP cardioplegia in pediatric patients.
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N-acetylcysteine in cardiac surgery: do the benefits outweigh the risks? A meta-analytic reappraisal.
Wang, G, Bainbridge, D, Martin, J, Cheng, D
Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2011;(2):268-75
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduces proinflammatory cytokines, oxygen free-radical production, and ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury; therefore, it may theoretically reduce postoperative complications in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to determine, through systematic review and meta-analysis of all relevant randomized trials, whether NAC reduces mortality, morbidity, or resource utilization in cardiac surgery. DESIGN Meta-analysis. SETTING University hospitals. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1,407 patients from 15 randomized studies were included in the analysis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS All randomized trials searched up to May 2009 comparing the use of NAC versus placebo during cardiac surgery in any language and reporting at least 1 predefined outcome were included. The random effect model was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs, 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) and weighted mean differences (WMD, 95% CI) for dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. During cardiac surgery, the use of NAC did not significantly decrease acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.52-2.11; p = 0.90), new atrial fibrillation (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.37-1.22; p = 0.19), or mortality (OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.39-1.68; p = 0.57). There were no differences in the incidence of incremental increase in serum creatinine concentration greater than 25% above baseline (OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.66-1.12; p = 0.26), acute myocardial infarction (OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.29-1.61, p =0.39), stroke (OR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.30-2.03; p = 0.61), red blood cell transfusion requirement (OR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.45-1.31; p = 0.33), re-exploration (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 0.70-2.26; p = 0.29), or postoperative drainage (WMD = 33 mL; 95% CI,-125 to 191 mL; p = 0.69) between NAC and placebo. CONCLUSION Current evidence shows that the perioperative use of NAC has no proven benefit or risk on clinically important outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.