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1.
Effect of Fluid Intake on Hydration Status and Skin Barrier Characteristics in Geriatric Patients: An Explorative Study.
Akdeniz, M, Boeing, H, Müller-Werdan, U, Aykac, V, Steffen, A, Schell, M, Blume-Peytavi, U, Kottner, J
Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2018;(3):155-162
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM: Inadequate fluid intake is assumed to be a trigger of water-loss dehydration, which is a major health risk in aged and geriatric populations. Thus, there is a need to search for easy to use diagnostic tests to identify dehydration. Our overall aim was to investigate whether skin barrier parameters could be used for predicting fluid intake and/or hydration status in geriatric patients. METHODS An explorative observational comparative study was conducted in a geriatric hospital including patients aged 65 years and older. We measured 3-day fluid intake, skin barrier parameters, Overall Dry Skin Score, serum osmolality, cognitive and functional health, and medications. RESULTS Forty patients were included (mean age 78.45 years and 65% women) with a mean fluid intake of 1,747 mL/day. 20% of the patients were dehydrated and 22.5% had an impending dehydration according to serum osmolality. Multivariate analysis suggested that skin surface pH and epidermal hydration at the face were associated with fluid intake. Serum osmolality was associated with epidermal hydration at the leg and skin surface pH at the face. Fluid intake was not correlated with serum osmolality. Diuretics were associated with high serum osmolality. CONCLUSIONS Approximately half of the patients were diagnosed as being dehydrated according to osmolality, which is the current reference standard. However, there was no association with fluid intake, questioning the clinical relevance of this measure. Results indicate that single skin barrier parameters are poor markers for fluid intake or osmolality. Epidermal hydration might play a role but most probably in combination with other tests.
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Rise of intraocular pressure in a caffeine test versus the water drinking test in patients with glaucoma.
Tran, T, Niyadurupola, N, O'Connor, J, Ang, GS, Crowston, J, Nguyen, D
Clinical & experimental ophthalmology. 2014;(5):427-32
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing emphasis on the importance of intraocular pressure peaks and fluctuations as risk factors for glaucoma progression. It is well recognized that the water drinking test raises intraocular pressure and there is reasonable evidence that caffeine can also raise intraocular pressure. The aim of this study is to directly compare the effect of a caffeine test to that of the water drinking test on intraocular pressure, in patients with glaucoma. DESIGN Prospective, observer-masked, cross-over study. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen eyes of 14 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. METHODS Patients were initially randomized to either caffeine test or water drinking test. Intraocular pressure was measured in both eyes with a Goldmann applanation tonometer at baseline and every 15 min for 1 h, by a masked examiner. This was repeated the following week at the same time of day for the other test (the cross-over). Peak intraocular pressure and maximum fluctuation from baseline were compared between groups using paired t-tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Peak and fluctuation of intraocular pressure, time of maximum frequency of peak intraocular pressure. RESULTS The maximum intraocular pressure from the water drinking test (19.7 ± 4.1) was greater than the caffeine test (16.7 ± 4.1) and showed greater fluctuation in intraocular pressure (4.3 ± 2.7 mmHg [27.7%]; P < 0.0001) compared with the caffeine test (1.8 ± 1.9 mmHg [11.7%]); P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The rise in intraocular pressure was greater with water drinking test than the caffeine test. Caffeine does not appear to provide an alternative for patients unable to tolerate the water drinking test.
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3.
On-ice sweat rate, voluntary fluid intake, and sodium balance during practice in male junior ice hockey players drinking water or a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution.
Palmer, MS, Logan, HM, Spriet, LL
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2010;(3):328-35
Abstract
This study evaluated the repeatability of hydration and sweat measurements taken during on-ice hockey practices with players drinking only water, and determined whether having only a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) to drink during practices decreased fluid intake or affected other hydration and (or) sweat measures. All testing was conducted on elite players of an Ontario Hockey League team (+/-SE; mean age, 17.6 +/- 0.3 years; mean height, 182.9 +/- 1.4 cm; mean body mass, 83.0 +/- 1.7 kg). Players were studied 3 times over the course of 6 weekly on-ice practices (+/-SE; mean playing time, 1.58 +/- 0.07 h; mean temperature, 11.4 +/- 0.8 degrees C; mean relative humidity, 52% +/- 3%). There was strong repeatability of the measured hydration and sweat parameters between 2 similar on-ice practices when players drank only water. Limiting the players to drinking only a CES (as opposed to water) did not decrease fluid intake during practice (+/-SE; mean CES intake, 0.72 +/- 0.07 L.h-1 vs. mean water intake, 0.82 +/- 0.08 L.h-1) or affect sweat rate (1.5 +/- 0.1 L.h-1 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.1 L.h-1), sweat sodium concentration (72.4 +/- 5.6 mmol.L-1 vs. 73.0 +/- 4.4 mmol.L-1), or percent body mass loss (1.1% +/- 0.2% vs. 0.9% +/- 0.2%). Drinking a CES also improved sodium balance (-2.1 +/- 0.2 g.h-1 vs. -2.6 +/- 0.3 g.h-1) and provided the players with a significant carbohydrate (43 +/- 4 g.h-1 vs. 0 +/- 0 g.h-1) during practice. In summary, a single field sweat test during similar on-ice hockey practices in male junior hockey players is sufficient to evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance. Also, a CES does not affect voluntary fluid intake during practice, compared with water, in these players. The CES provided some salt to offset the salt lost in sweat, and carbohydrate, which may help maintain physical and mental performance in the later stages of practice.
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4.
Satiety drinking tests: effects of caloric content, drinking rate, gender, age, and body mass index.
Abid, S, Anis, MK, Azam, Z, Jafri, W, Lindberg, G
Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 2009;(5):551-6
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the maximum tolerated volumes (MTVs) of drinking water and a nutrient liquid at different rates of drinking and to assess the best drinking test correlating with the symptom scores. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy volunteers were requested to drink water at a rate of 10 ml/min or a nutrient liquid drink at 100 and 20 ml/min on three separate occasions. Symptoms of bloating, nausea, and abdominal pain were assessed 30 min after the cessation of drinking using visual analogue scales. RESULTS The MTV of water was 1595 +/- 405 in males and 1327 +/- 308 in females (p<0.05). In rapid nutrient drinking, the MTV was 945 +/- 376 ml in males, whereas females tolerated 760 +/- 174 ml (p<0.05). In slow nutrient drinking, the MTV was 692 +/- 184 ml in males and 594 +/- 131 ml in females (p=0.051). Multiple regression analysis showed no influence of body mass index (BMI), age, or gender in slow nutrient drinking. However, drinking capacity was significantly influenced by gender, age, and BMI in rapid water drinking and by gender in rapid nutrient drinking. When the tolerated volumes for satiety drinking tests were compared, only males showed some significant positive correlations. Symptom scores were higher after slow nutrient drinking compared to the other two drinking tests. CONCLUSIONS The rate of drinking and the caloric content affect the MTVs in satiety drinking tests. Slow nutrient drinking appears to be the best choice among the different satiety drink tests, as MTV in this test was not influenced by BMI or age and was associated with higher symptom scores.
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5.
Fluoride oral retention after professional topical application in children with caries activity: effect of the immediate water consumption.
Lopes, Mde F, Braga, Jde K, de Oliveira, AE, Cavalcante, PR, Ribeiro, CC
Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill.). 2008;(2):121-4
Abstract
PURPOSE Since there is no agreement about the time patients must refrain from drinking or eating after a professional application of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of water consumption on fluoride in saliva. METHODS This blind randomized crossover in vivo study involved children who received a professional APF gel application followed by either drinking a glass of water (experimental group) or without rinsing, drinking, or eating (control group) for 2 hours. The nonstimulated saliva was collected at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes following the professional APF application. After a 7-day washout period, the control and treatment groups were switched. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the fluoride retention between groups in the times 0 to 5 minutes (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the recommendation of asking patients to refrain from drinking water for 30 minutes following the professional APF application is excessive and can be reduced to 15 minutes.
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6.
Voluntary fluid intake and core temperature responses in adolescent tennis players: sports beverage versus water.
Bergeron, MF, Waller, JL, Marinik, EL
British journal of sports medicine. 2006;(5):406-10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine differences in ad libitum fluid intake, comparing a 6% carbohydrate/electrolyte drink (CHO-E) and water, and associated differences in core temperature and other selected physiological and perceptual responses in adolescent athletes during tennis training in the heat. METHODS Fourteen healthy, fit, young tennis players (nine male; five female; mean (SD) age 15.1 (1.4) years; weight 60.6 (8.3) kg; height 172.8 (8.6) cm) completed two 120 minute tennis specific training sessions on separate days (randomised, crossover design) in a warm environment (wet bulb globe temperature: CHO-E, 79.3 (2.6) degrees F; water, 79.9 (2.2) degrees F; p>0.05). RESULTS There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the trials with respect to fluid intake, urine volume, fluid retention, sweat loss, perceived exertion, thirst, or gastrointestinal discomfort. However, there was a difference (p<0.05) in the percentage body weight change after training (CHO-E, -0.5 (0.7)%; water, -0.9 (0.6)%). Urine specific gravity before training (CHO-E, 1.024 (0.006); water, 1.025 (0.005)) did not correlate significantly (p>0.05) with any of these measurements or with core body temperature. In examining the main effect for trial, the CHO-E trial showed a significantly lower (p<0.001) mean body temperature (irrespective of measurement time) than the water trial. However, the mean body temperature in each trial was not associated (p>0.05) with fluid intake, fluid retention, sweat loss, or percentage body weight change. CONCLUSION Ad libitum consumption of a CHO-E drink may be more effective than water in minimising fluid deficits and mean core temperature responses during tennis and other similar training in adolescent athletes.
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The effect of megestrol acetate on oral food and fluid intake in nursing home residents: a pilot study.
Simmons, SF, Walker, KA, Osterweil, D
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2005;(3 Suppl):S5-11
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of megestrol acetate (Megace OS; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) on the oral food and fluid intake of nursing home (NH) residents under two conditions: usual NH care and optimal mealtime feeding assistance. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a prospective, preliminary trial in four NHs. PARTICIPANTS Participants (n = 17) were recruited from a larger study designed to assess nutritional care quality. Eligibility for the Megace OS trial required participants to consistently eat less than 75% of most meals under both usual NH care and optimal feeding assistance conditions at baseline. INTERVENTION Megace OS, an oral liquid suspension of megestrol acetate, was given daily in a 400-mg dose for 63 days. MEASUREMENTS Each participant's oral food and fluid intake was monitored weekly for 1 day (three meals) during which research staff conducted direct observations of usual NH care (weeks 1, 3, and 5 and day 63) or provided optimal feeding assistance (weeks 2, 4, and 6). Average total percent intake was compared from baseline across the assessment weeks of the trial under the two mealtime care conditions. RESULTS Megace OS had a significant effect on oral food and fluid intake only under the optimal mealtime feeding assistance condition, in which average total percent eaten increased from 50% (+/-15%) at baseline to 63% (+/-14%) post-63 days of the trial. There was no change in participants' oral food and fluid intake under the usual NH care condition (average total percent intake at baseline 43% +/- 12% vs. 43% +/- 20% post-63 days). CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary study suggest that Megace OS is not an effective nutritional intervention to increase oral intake under usual NH care conditions, which is often characterized by inadequate feeding assistance. However, Megace OS in combination with optimal mealtime feeding assistance does significantly increase oral intake in a frail NH sample at high risk for weight loss.
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The effect of two sports drinks and water on GI complaints and performance during an 18-km run.
van Nieuwenhoven, MA, Brouns, F, Kovacs, EM
International journal of sports medicine. 2005;(4):281-5
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) complaints are frequently experienced during running. Sports drinks to prevent dehydration and hypoglycemia during exercise are generally used. The aim was to investigate the effect of 3 different drinks on GI complaints and performance during competitive running in a controlled field study. Ninety-eight well-trained subjects (90 M, 8 F, age 41 +/- 8 y) performed a competitive 18-km run three times within 8 days. The study was a controlled, standardized field experiment following a randomized, crossover design. Three different drinks were compared: water, a sports drink (CES), and a sports drink with added 150 mg/l caffeine (CAF). The incidence of GI complaints and the effect of the drinks on performance was studied. Each subject consumed 4 times 150 ml as follows: at the start, after 4.5 km, 9 km, and 13.5 km. Fluid intake was controlled. Incidence and intensity of GI complaints during the run were determined using a 10 points scale questionnaire. There were no significant differences in performance between the 3 drinks. Run time (18 km, mean +/- SD): WAT 1 : 18 : 03 +/- 08 : 30, CES 1 : 18 : 23 +/- 08 : 47, CAF 1 : 18 : 03 +/- 08 : 42. The use of carbohydrate-containing sports drinks led to higher incidences of all types of GI complaints compared to water. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were reached for flatulence; incidence: WAT 17.9 %, CES 28.6 %, CAF 30.6 %, and reflux; incidence: WAT 55.7 %, CES 78.6 %, CAF 72.5 %. There were no significant differences in intensity of the GI complaints. Addition of caffeine to CES had no effect on GI complaints, compared to CES alone. We conclude that sports drinks used during an 18-km run in cool environmental conditions do not support the performance better than mineral water. The use of sports drinks during an 18-km run leads to a higher incidence of both upper and lower GI complaints compared to water. Addition of caffeine to the sports drink has no effect on either running performance or GI complaints.
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No effect of fluid intake on neutrophil responses to prolonged cycling.
Bishop, NC, Scanlon, GA, Walsh, NP, McCallum, LJ, Walker, GJ
Journal of sports sciences. 2004;(11-12):1091-8
Abstract
Ingesting carbohydrate beverages during prolonged exercise is associated with fewer numbers of circulating neutrophils and attenuated neutrophil functional responses, yet there is little information about the effect of fluid intake alone on immune responses to prolonged exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of regular fluid ingestion compared with no fluid ingestion on plasma cortisol, circulating neutrophil and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophil degranulation responses to prolonged cycling. In a randomized design, nine recreationally active males cycled for 2 h at 65% VO2max on two occasions with either fluid ingestion (lemon-flavoured water, fluid trial) before and during the exercise, or with no fluid intake at all (no fluid trial). Venous blood samples were obtained at rest, immediately after exercise and 1 h after exercise. Immediately after exercise, the plasma cortisol concentration was significantly higher in the no fluid trial than in the fluid trial (592 +/- 62 vs 670 +/- 63 nmol x l(-1), P < 0.05). Circulating numbers of neutrophils increased 4.5-fold (P < 0.01) and LPS-stimulated elastase release per neutrophil decreased 34 +/- 7% (P < 0.01) immediately after exercise; there were no differences between trials. These results suggest that in ambient environmental conditions, fluid ingestion alone has a negligible effect on circulating neutrophil and LPS-stimulated neutrophil degranulation responses to prolonged exercise.
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10.
Effects of hydration and hyperventilation on cortical complexity.
Müller, V, Birbaumer, N, Preissl, H, Braun, C, Mayer-Kress, G, Lang, F
Experimental brain research. 2003;(3):341-55
Abstract
The effects of hydration and hyperventilation on cortical complexity were investigated in a sample of 19 healthy volunteers in a double-blind placebo design using magnetoencephalographic recordings. The subjects were asked to abstain from the intake of liquids 18 h before the study. Spontaneous magnetoencephalograms (MEG) were recorded before and after drinking 750 ml water (WAT group: nine subjects) or saline solution (SAL group: ten subjects) with eyes closed and open and during hyperventilation (HV) with eyes open. The MEG data were analysed using both linear (spectral power) and non-linear (pointwise dimension and largest Lyapunov exponent) algorithms. The prediction that intake of water, because of induced cell swelling, will lead to an increased synchronization and a decreased complexity of the spontaneous MEG during hyperventilation was confirmed. Hyperventilation following the drinking condition produced an increase in all power spectra with a stronger increase of delta and theta power after drinking of water. This synchronization of spontaneous MEG is accompanied by a general significant decrease of cortical complexity, especially after water drinking. Moreover, cortical complexity was inversely related to delta and theta power and partly also to alpha power. The SAL and WAT groups showed different relations between alpha power and dimensional complexity during HV: whereas in the SAL group the correlations between these measures became more negative during HV, they reversed in the WAT group to become positive. The synchronizing effect of hyperventilation, leading to a decrease of cortical complexity, is related in the SAL group to delta, theta and alpha power, whereas in the WAT group only delta and theta activity contribute to a reduction of cortical complexity.