-
1.
Meta-Analysis Comparing the Effect of Combined Omega-3 + Statin Therapy Versus Statin Therapy Alone on Coronary Artery Plaques.
Fan, H, Zhou, J, Yuan, Z
The American journal of cardiology. 2021;:15-24
Abstract
Statin therapy plays an important role in stabilizing and regressing coronary artery plaques. Omega-3 supplements also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on coronary plaques. However, the effect of omega-3 supplementation on the basis of statin therapy on the stability and composition of plaques, is still unclear. We searched for randomized controlled trials published prior to November 2020 in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Finally, eight studies using different imaging techniques to evaluate coronary atherosclerotic plaque, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), coronary CT angiography (cCTA) and intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS), met our inclusion criteria. We pooled data extracted from the included studies using the standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) of the random effects model. Compared with statin treatment alone, the combined treatment further delayed the progression of total plaque volume [SMD -0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.64 to -0.08, p = 0.01] and fiber content (SMD -0.40, 95% CI -0.68 to -0.13, p = 0.004). The plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level of patients in the combination treatment group was significantly lower than that of the patients in the statin treatment group alone (SMD -0.30, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.01, p = 0.04). In addition, the combined use of omega-3 further increases the fibrous cap thickness (FCT) of the plaque with an MD of 29.45 μm. There were no significant differences in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or lipid content in plaques between the two groups. Omega-3 combined with statins is superior to the statin treatment group in stabilizing and promoting coronary plaque regression and may help to further reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events.
-
2.
Comparative Effect of Statins and Omega-3 Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events: Meta-Analysis and Network Meta-Analysis of 63 Randomized Controlled Trials Including 264,516 Participants.
Hoang, T, Kim, J
Nutrients. 2020;(8)
Abstract
Statins and omega-3 supplementation have been recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention, but comparative effects have not been investigated. This study aimed to summarize current evidence of the effect of statins and omega-3 supplementation on cardiovascular events. A meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis of 63 randomized controlled trials were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effects of specific statins and omega-3 supplementation compared with controls. Overall, the statin group showed significant risk reductions in total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke; however, omega-3 supplementation significantly decreased the risks of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction only, in the comparison with the control group. In comparison with omega-3 supplementation, pravastatin significantly reduced the risks of total cardiovascular disease (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72-0.91), coronary heart disease (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60-0.94), and myocardial infarction (RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.55-0.94). Risks of total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke in the atorvastatin group were statistically lower than those in the omega-3 group, with RRs (95% CIs) of 0.80 (0.73-0.88), 0.64 (0.50-0.82), 0.75 (0.60-0.93), and 0.81 (0.66-0.99), respectively. The findings of this study suggest that pravastatin and atorvastatin may be more beneficial than omega-3 supplementation in reducing the risk of total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction.
-
3.
All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Death between Statins and Omega-3 Supplementation: A Meta-Analysis and Network Meta-Analysis from 55 Randomized Controlled Trials.
Kim, J, Hoang, T, Kim, JM, Bu, SY, Choi, JH, Park, E, Lee, SM, Park, E, Min, JY, Lee, IS, et al
Nutrients. 2020;(10)
Abstract
Statins and omega-3 supplementation have shown potential benefits in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their comparative effects on mortality outcomes, in addition to primary and secondary prevention and mixed population, have not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the effect of statins and omega-3 supplementation and indirectly compare the effects of statin use and omega-3 fatty acids on all-cause mortality and CVD death. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from meta-analyses published until December 2019. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to indirectly compare the effect of statin use versus omega-3 supplementation in a frequentist network meta-analysis. In total, 55 RCTs were included in the final analysis. Compared with placebo, statins were significantly associated with a decreased the risk of all-cause mortality (RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.86-0.94) and CVD death (RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.80-0.92), while omega-3 supplementation showed a borderline effect on all-cause mortality (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94-1.01) but were significantly associated with a reduced risk of CVD death (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87-0.98) in the meta-analysis. The network meta-analysis found that all-cause mortality was significantly different between statin use and omega-3 supplementation for overall population (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85-0.98), but borderline for primary prevention and mixed population and nonsignificant for secondary prevention. Furthermore, there were borderline differences between statin use and omega-3 supplementation in CVD death in the total population (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.82-1.04) and primary prevention (RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.68-1.05), but nonsignificant differences in secondary prevention (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.66-1.43) and mixed population (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.75-1.14). To summarize, statin use might be associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality than omega-3 supplementation. Future direct comparisons between statin use and omega-3 supplementation are required to confirm the findings.
-
4.
Prenatal oxidative balance and risk of asthma and allergic disease in adolescence.
Sordillo, JE, Rifas-Shiman, SL, Switkowski, K, Coull, B, Gibson, H, Rice, M, Platts-Mills, TAE, Kloog, I, Litonjua, AA, Gold, DR, et al
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 2019;(6):1534-1541.e5
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal oxidative balance (achieved when protective prenatal factors counteract sources of oxidative stress) might be critical for preventing asthma and allergic disease. OBJECTIVE We examined prenatal intakes of hypothesized protective nutrients (including antioxidants) in conjunction with potential sources of oxidative stress in models of adolescent asthma and allergic disease. METHODS We used data from 996 mother-child pairs in Project Viva. Exposures of interest were maternal prepregnancy body mass index and prenatal nutrients (energy-adjusted intakes of vitamins D, C, and E; β-carotene; folate; choline; and n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]), air pollutant exposures (residence-specific third-trimester black carbon or particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm [PM2.5]), acetaminophen, and smoking. Outcomes were offspring's current asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergen sensitization at a median age of 12.9 years. We performed logistic regression. Continuous exposures were log-transformed and modeled as z scores. RESULTS We observed protective associations for vitamin D (odds ratio [OR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.53-0.89] for allergic rhinitis), the sum of the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.66-0.99] for current asthma), and the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64-0.95] for allergen sensitization and OR, 0.80 [95% CI 0.65-0.99] for current asthma). Black carbon and PM2.5 were associated with an approximately 30% increased risk for allergen sensitization. No multiplicative interactions were observed for protective nutrient intakes with sources of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS We identified potential protective prenatal nutrients (vitamin D and n-3 PUFAs), as well as adverse prenatal pro-oxidant exposures that might alter the risk of asthma and allergic disease into adolescence.
-
5.
Resistance Training Alone or Combined With N-3 PUFA-Rich Diet in Older Women: Effects on Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy.
Strandberg, E, Ponsot, E, Piehl-Aulin, K, Falk, G, Kadi, F
The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2019;(4):489-494
Abstract
We aimed to examine cellular and molecular changes in skeletal muscle of recreationally active older women in response to 24 weeks of combined resistance training and N-3 PUFA-rich healthy diet. Sixty-three women (65-70 years) were randomized into resistance training and healthy diet rich in N-3PUFAs (RT-HD), resistance training only (RT) and controls (CON). Fiber type-specific morphological characteristics and gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers and regulators of muscle mass were analyzed in m. vastus lateralis biopsies obtained before the intervention and 4 days after the last training session. Gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β was downregulated (p < .05) and that of the regulator of cellular growth mTOR (p < 0.05) was upregulated in skeletal muscle of RT-HD only. There was also a significant hypertrophy of fast type IIA muscle fibers in RT-HD only (+23%, p < .05). In conclusion, resistance training combined to an N-3 PUFA-rich healthy diet but not alone triggers local anti-inflammatory and growth responses, favoring skeletal muscle hypertrophy in already recreationally active older women.
-
6.
Treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with aflibercept combined with pranoprofen eye drops or nutraceutical support with omega-3: A randomized trial.
Semeraro, F, Gambicordi, E, Cancarini, A, Morescalchi, F, Costagliola, C, Russo, A
British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2019;(5):908-913
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether a combination of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) and pranoprofen eyedrops or nutraceutical support provides additional benefit over IVA monotherapy for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, pilot study in 60 patients with treatment-naïve CNV. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 into three groups: aflibercept monotherapy (AM), aflibercept plus pranoprofen (AP) or aflibercept plus nutraceutical (AN) tablets containing multivitamin antioxidant and mineral supplementation plus omega-3. RESULTS At 12 months, all groups showed significant improvement in both best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT). The mean BCVA change from baseline to 12 months was -0.26 ± 0.06 LogMAR, -0.30 ± 0.06 LogMAR and -0.24 ± 0.04 LogMAR in the AM, AP and AN groups, respectively. The mean CRT change from baseline to 12 months was -76.9 ± 10.9 μm, -129 ± 19.9 μm and -105 ± 11.6 μm in the AM, AP and AN groups, respectively. The AN group required one less IVA injection than the AM group. CONCLUSIONS Compared with AM, both combination groups acted synergistically, although no significant benefits in BCVA were found over AM. Nutraceutical support with omega-3 leads to a reduced need for IVA.
-
7.
No CFH or ARMS2 Interaction with Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Low versus High Zinc, or β-Carotene versus Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Report No. 18.
van Asten, F, Chiu, CY, Agrón, E, Clemons, TE, Ratnapriya, R, Swaroop, A, Klein, ML, Fan, R, Chew, EY, ,
Ophthalmology. 2019;(11):1541-1548
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether genotypes at 2 major loci associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), complement factor H (CFH), or age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2), modify the response to oral nutrients for the treatment of AMD in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). DESIGN Post hoc analysis of a randomized trial. PARTICIPANTS White AREDS2 participants. METHODS AREDS2 participants (n = 4203) with bilateral large drusen or late AMD in 1 eye were assigned randomly to lutein and zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acids, both, or placebo, and most also received the AREDS supplements. A secondary randomization assessed modified AREDS supplements in 4 treatment arms: lower zinc dosage, omission of β-carotene, both, or no modification. To evaluate the progression to late AMD, fundus photographs were obtained at baseline and annual study visits, and history of treatment for late AMD was obtained at study visits and 6-month interim telephone calls. Participants were genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1061170 in CFH and rs10490924 in ARMS2. Bivariate frailty models using both eyes were conducted, including a gene-supplement interaction term and adjusting for age, gender, level of education, and smoking status. The main treatment effects, as well as the direct comparison between lutein plus zeaxanthin and β-carotene, were assessed for genotype interaction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The interaction between genotype and the response to AREDS2 supplements regarding progression to late AMD, any geographic atrophy (GA), and neovascular AMD. RESULTS Complete data were available for 2775 eyes without baseline late AMD (1684 participants). The participants (mean age ± standard deviation, 72.1±7.7 years; 58.5% female) were followed up for a median of 5 years. The ARMS2 risk allele was associated significantly with progression to late AMD and neovascular AMD (P = 2.40 × 10-5 and P = 0.002, respectively), but not any GA (P = 0.097). The CFH risk allele was not associated with AMD progression. Genotype did not modify significantly the response to any of the AREDS2 supplements. CONCLUSIONS CFH and ARMS2 risk alleles do not modify the response to the AREDS2 nutrient supplements with respect to the progression to late AMD (GA and neovascular AMD).
-
8.
Omega-3 supplementation with resistance training does not improve body composition or lower biomarkers of inflammation more so than resistance training alone in older men.
Cornish, SM, Myrie, SB, Bugera, EM, Chase, JE, Turczyn, D, Pinder, M
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2018;:87-95
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3.0 g/d of omega-3 fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) supplementation combined with progressive resistance training to improve body composition and lower inflammatory cytokines in older men when compared to placebo and resistance training. We hypothesized that completing a 12-week omega-3 supplementation period along with whole body resistance exercise (3 times/wk) would result in a significantly greater improvement in lean tissue mass as well as a significant decrease in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α when compared to placebo. A total of 23 older men (≥65 years old) were randomized to an omega-3 supplementation group (n = 11) or placebo group (n = 12), and all the participants completed the same whole body progressive resistance training program. Baseline and 12-week data collection included body composition, muscle strength, functional ability, and inflammatory cytokines. Results indicated a significant main effect for time (all P < .05) for percent body fat (-2.5%), lean tissue mass (+1.1%), lumbar bone mineral density (+1.1%), hip bone mineral content (+1.1%), chest press strength (+31%), leg press strength (+37%), timed-up-and-go (-6.6%), and 6-minute walk distance (+4.5%) from baseline to post 12 weeks. No significant effects were noted for the 2 inflammatory cytokines measured (P > .05). We conclude that progressive resistance training exercise is an excellent method to enhance parameters of body composition, skeletal muscle strength, and functional ability in older men, whereas omega-3 supplementation did nothing to enhance these parameters or influence inflammatory biomarkers.
-
9.
Comparison of breast milk fatty acid composition from mothers of premature infants of three countries using novel dried milk spot technology.
Gao, C, Gibson, RA, Mcphee, AJ, Zhou, SJ, Collins, CT, Makrides, M, Miller, J, Liu, G
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 2018;:3-8
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake during infancy has been associated with many health benefits, and the LCPUFA intake of breastfed infants is largely dependent on the composition of breast milk. The conventional method for breast milk fatty acid profiling is complicated by the need for cold-chain transportation and storage, and the newly developed dried milk spot (DMS) technology overcomes these difficulties. This study aimed to determine the accuracy, sensitivity and applicability of the DMS method developed based on the PUFAcoat™ technology. Two hundred breast milk samples were analyzed using the conventional method and compared with the DMS method. In order to evaluate the usefulness of DMS for large scale international studies, we analyzed another 786 breast milk samples collected from mothers of preterm infants who participated in a large clinical trial conducted in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. Fatty acids were measured using capillary gas chromatography and results were reported as weight percentage of total fatty acids. Strong correlations and tight variation were observed in total saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs between the conventional and DMS methods. The DMS method proved to be sensitive in differentiating the breast milk fatty acid profiles of women consuming different habitual diets as evidenced by the differences between the breast milk fatty acid composition between Australian and Singaporean population. This study demonstrates that the DMS and the conventional method provide interchangeable results, and the DMS method is a particularly useful tool for large-scale studies.
-
10.
The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E Co-Supplementation on Indices of Insulin Resistance and Hormonal Parameters in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Ebrahimi, FA, Samimi, M, Foroozanfard, F, Jamilian, M, Akbari, H, Rahmani, E, Ahmadi, S, Taghizadeh, M, Memarzadeh, MR, Asemi, Z
Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2017;(6):353-359
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on indices of insulin resistance and hormonal parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done on 68 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria aged 18-40 years old. Participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either 1 000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil containing 400 mg α-Linolenic acid plus 400 IU vitamin E supplements (n=34) or placebo (n=34) for 12 weeks. Hormonal parameters were quantified at the beginning of the study and after 12-week intervention. After 12 weeks of intervention, compared to the placebo, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in insulin (-1.0±3.5 vs. +2.7±6.6 µIU/mL, P=0.004), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-0.2±0.8 vs. +0.6±1.5, P=0.005), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated B cell function (-4.3±14.3 vs. +10.5±24.5, P=0.004) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.006±0.02 vs. -0.01±0.04, P=0.008). Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids plus vitamin E led to significant reductions in serum total testosterone (-0.5±0.7 vs. -0.1±0.5 ng/mL, P=0.008) and free testosterone (-1.2±2.1 vs. -0.2±1.7, P=0.04) compared to the placebo group. We did not observe any significant effect of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on fasting plasma glucose and other hormonal profiles. Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation for 12 weeks in PCOS women significantly improved indices of insulin resistance, total and free testosterone.