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1.
Does Adding Various Accelerators to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Have a Negatively Effect on Push-Out Bond Strength?
İlker, A, Sarıyılmaz, E, Çakici, F
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2019;(1):36-40
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compares the effect of the white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) accelerators, including disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na2HPO4; 2.5 wt%), calcium chloride (CaCl2; 5 and 10 wt%), and KY jelly, on the push-out bond strength of WMTA. The null hypothesis was that the WMTA accelerators would not affect the push-out bond strength of WMTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slices (2-mm-thick) were obtained from 75 human mandibular molar distal roots. The slices were enlarged up to size 6 Gates-Glidden burs to obtain a 1.5-mm canal diameter. The slices were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups and a control group (n = 15 in each group). Freshly prepared WMTA mixture was placed into the root slices and stored at 37°C in a 100% humidified atmosphere for 60 days. The force required to dislodge the WMTA cement from the root slice was determined using a universal testing machine. The push-out bond strength was calculated. RESULTS Push- out bond strength of 5- and 10-wt% CaCl2, and 2.5-wt% Na2HPO4 WMTA groups was significantly lower than in the KY-jelly and control groups (p < 0.05). The mean push-out bond strength of KY jelly was lower than in the control group but not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The addition of KY jelly to WMTA did not have an adverse effect on the push-out bond strength of WMTA, in contrast to the other accelerators, including Na2HPO4 and CaCl2, which reduced the push-out bond strength.
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A Comparative Study of Bolus Dose of Hypertonic Saline, Mannitol, and Mannitol Plus Glycerol Combination in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
Patil, H, Gupta, R
World neurosurgery. 2019;:e221-e228
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective randomized controlled study compared the efficacy of an equiosmolar and isovolumetric dose of 3% hypertonic saline, 20% mannitol, and 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination in reducing the raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS A total of 120 patients of severe TBI with increased ICP were randomized to receive an equiosmolar and isovolumetric dose of 3% hypertonic saline, 20% mannitol, and 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination at a defined infusion rate, which was stopped when ICP was <15 mm Hg. RESULTS A total of 120 patients with severe TBI (aged >18 years, Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8, and had sustained elevated ICP of >20 mm Hg for more than 5 minutes) were randomized during the study. All data were presented as mean (minimum-maximum). A one-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the effect across the treatment group, and Tukey's method was used for multiple comparisons. A paired t-test was employed to analyze the effect of the medication within each group. All 3 drugs decreased ICP below 15 mm Hg (P < 0.0001). The maximum change in ICP occurred after a bolus dose of 3% hypertonic saline followed by 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination and then 20% mannitol (60% vs. 57% vs. 55%, respectively). Mean arterial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure were increased after the bolus dose of study medications. Maximum changes occurred after infusion of 3% hypertonic saline followed by 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination and 20% mannitol (P < 0.0349 and <0.0013, respectively). There was no statistically significant change in the hematocrit value noted after the bolus dose of any of the study medications. Serum sodium and osmolarity were raised significantly after the bolus dose of study medications. Maximum changes in serum sodium and osmolarity occurred after the bolus dose of 3% hypertonic saline. The mean dose required to reduce ICP below 15 mm Hg for 3% hypertonic saline: 1.4 mL/kg, for 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerine: 1.7 mL/kg, and for 20% mannitol: 2.0 mL/kg. The mean time required to reduce ICP below 15 mm Hg for 3% hypertonic saline: 16 minutes, for 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerine: 19 minutes, and for 20% mannitol: 23 minutes. The maximum change in the Glasgow Coma Scale occurred after the bolus dose of 3% hypertonic saline, followed by 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination and then 20% mannitol. CONCLUSIONS All 3 osmotic compounds exhibit comparable effectiveness in reducing ICP when a similar osmotic load is administrated, but 3% hypertonic saline appeared to be more effective followed by 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination and 20% mannitol. A dose of 1.4 mL/kg can be recommended as an initial bolus dose for 3% hypertonic saline. Hypertonic saline can be recommended to treat patients with pretreatment hypovolemia, hyponatremia, or renal failure. There is no clear benefit compared with 20% mannitol in regard to neurologic outcome, even though there is a minor positive trend for 3% hypertonic saline and 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination.
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3.
Use of a urea, arginine and carnosine cream versus a standard emollient glycerol cream for treatment of severe xerosis of the feet in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, 8 month, assessor-blinded, controlled trial.
Federici, A, Federici, G, Milani, M
Current medical research and opinion. 2015;(6):1063-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND No long-term data are available regarding the effects of emollients in treating severe foot skin xerosis in patients with diabetes. STUDY AIM We evaluated the efficacy of 8 month urea, arginine and carnosine cream (UC) in comparison with a glycerin-based emollient cream (SEC) in type 2 patients with diabetes who had severe foot xerosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We assessed the effect of UC and SEC on skin hydration in a randomized, assessor-blinded study in 50 patients treated with UC (N = 25) or SEC (N = 25) for 32 weeks with a twice daily application. Primary outcomes were a 9 point Xerosis Assessment Scale (XAS) score and a 4 point Overall Cutaneous Score (OCS), evaluated at baseline and after 4, 12 and 32 weeks. Skin hydration and desquamation were also objectively evaluated by means of a bio-impedance skin analysis device (Hydr8 * ) at baseline and at week 32. RESULTS UC induced greater hydration than SEC (p = 0.001) with a 91% reduction at week 32 in XAS score vs. baseline. After 4 weeks, compared with the SEC treated group, the XAS score in the UC treated group was significantly lower. OCS was reduced by 27% from baseline to end of the study in the UC group, and increased by 8% in the SEC group (p = 0.02; between groups). At month 8, skin hydration and desquamation evaluated by the digital skin analysis system statistically improved in UC treated subjects in comparison with baseline and SEC group values. This study was not double-blind. In order to overcome this problem we performed an assessor-blinded evaluation of the primary endpoints and used an objective measurement tool for skin hydration and desquamation assessment. CONCLUSION Using a urea, arginine and carnosine cream for 8 months increases skin hydration and improves skin dryness in type 2 diabetic patients in comparison with a glycerol-based emollient cream, with a greater efficacy observed as early as 4 weeks into treatment.
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Ventilator-associated pneumonia risk decreased by use of oral moisture gel in oral health care.
Takeyasu, Y, Yamane, GY, Tonogi, M, Watanabe, Y, Nishikubo, S, Serita, R, Imura, K
The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College. 2014;(2):95-102
Abstract
Although oral health care has a preventive effect against ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the most effective method of oral health care in this respect remains to be established. The objective of this single-center, randomized, controlled trial was to investigate the relationship between VAP and various methods of oral health care. All patients included in the study (n=142) were on mechanical ventilation with oral intubation at the intensive care unit of the Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital. They were divided into two groups, one receiving standard oral health care (Standard group), and the other receiving oral health care using an oral moisture gel instead of water (Gel group). After removal of the intubation tube, biofilm on cuff of the tube was stained with a disclosing agent to determine the contamination level. Factors investigated included sex, age, number of remaining teeth, intubation time, fever ≥38.5°C, VAP, cuff contamination level, and time required for one oral health care session. No VAP occurred in either group during the study period. The level of cuff contamination was significantly lower in the Gel group than the Standard group, and the time required for one session of oral health care was shorter (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed use of the oral moisture gel as a factor affecting cuff contamination level. Use of an oral moisture gel decreased invasion of the pharynx by bacteria and contaminants together with biofilm formation on the intubation tube cuff. These results suggest that oral health care using an oral moisture gel is effective in preventing cuff contamination.
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5.
Performance benefits of rehydration with intravenous fluid and oral glycerol.
Van Rosendal, SP, Strobel, NA, Osborne, MA, Fassett, RG, Coombes, JS
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2012;(9):1780-90
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravenous (IV) saline has been used by athletes attempting to accelerate rehydration procedures. The diuresis from IV rehydration may be circumvented through the concomitant use of oral glycerol. We aimed to examine the effects of rehydrating with four different regimens of IV fluid and oral glycerol on subsequent 40-km cycling time trial performance. METHODS Nine endurance-trained men were dehydrated by 4% bodyweight via exercise in the heat. They then rehydrated with 150% of the fluid lost via four protocols using a randomized crossover design: 1) oral = sports drink and water; 2) oral glycerol = sports drink, water, and glycerol; 3) IV = half as normal saline, half of sports drink, and water; and 4) IV with oral glycerol = half as normal saline, half as sports drink, water, and glycerol. After this, they completed a 40-km cycling performance test in the heat. RESULTS Compared with oral rehydration, there were significant performance benefits (P < 0.05) when rehydrating with oral glycerol (improved time to complete 40 km by 3.7%), IV (3.5%), and IV with oral glycerol (4.1%). Plasma volume restoration was highest in IV with oral glycerol, then IV, then oral glycerol, then oral (P < 0.01 for all of these comparisons). There were no differences in HR, tympanic/skin temperatures, sweat rate, blood lactate concentration, thermal stress, or RPE between groups. CONCLUSIONS Combining IV fluid with oral glycerol resulted in the greatest fluid retention; however, it did not improve exercise performance compared with either modality alone.
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Applicability of an exaggerated forearm wash test for efficacy testing of two corticosteroids, tacrolimus and glycerol, in topical formulations against skin irritation induced by two different irritants.
Clemmensen, A, Andersen, F, Petersen, TK, Hagberg, O, Andersen, KE
Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI). 2011;(1):56-62
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Alternatives to corticosteroids in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) are needed and may include glycerol and topical immunomodulators like tacrolimus. Because the efficacy of different treatments in experimentally induced ICD may vary depending on the irritant applied, we tested the efficacy of four anti-irritant compounds using the two different irritants sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nonanoic acid (NON). METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, healthy volunteers were exposed to 5% SLS and 50% NON (the right and the left forearm, respectively) in a cumulative wash test. Induction of ICD was obtained by three daily washings for 7 days, followed by a maintenance phase with two daily washings for 12 days. Treatment (triamcinolone acetonide, clobetasol propionate, tacrolimus and glycerol ointment) was started at day 7 and applied immediately after washing. Vehicle and no treatment served as the control. Reactions were evaluated clinically and instrumentally. RESULTS No treatments were significantly better than the other treatments and controls. There was a tendency toward a dose-dependent response to corticoid treatment, and a trend toward worsened irritancy by tacrolimus on SLS-irritated skin. Explained variance in the experiment by anova revealed a very small effect of treatments compared with an immense and significant subject effect. CONCLUSION No claims of effective anti-irritant properties for any of the ointments can be maintained. Application of the present wash test as a tool for anti-irritant efficacy testing may be complicated by the small observed variance explained by treatment.
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Blood-retinal barrier glycerol permeability in diabetic macular edema and healthy eyes: estimations from macular volume changes after peroral glycerol.
Thornit, DN, Vinten, CM, Sander, B, Lund-Andersen, H, la Cour, M
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2010;(6):2827-34
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the changes in macular volume (MV) between healthy subjects and patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) after an osmotic load and to determine the glycerol permeability (P(gly)) of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). METHODS In this unmasked study, 13 patients with DME and 5 healthy control subjects ingested a glycerol solution (0.57 g/mL) of 3 mL/kg body weight (maximum, 250 mL). Subsequently, the MV determined by the retinal maps provided by the optical coherence tomography (OCT) fast macular thickness protocol was monitored at 12 time points for 180 minutes. A mathematical model of glycerol and osmotic water movements across the BRB was constructed to estimate P(gly). RESULTS Median MV decreased from 7.30 mm(3) (range, 6.68-7.35) to the maximum median DeltaMV of -0.30 mm(3) (25%-75% quartile: -0.34 to -0.25) in the healthy volunteers and from 7.97 mm(3) (range, 6.85-9.89) to DeltaMV of -0.14 mm(3) (25%-75% quartile: -0.19 to -0.08) in the diabetic group (intergroup difference: P < 0.05). P(gly) was 6.1 x 10(-6) (SE 1.8 x 10(-6)) and 74 x 10(-6) (SE 42 x 10(-6)) cm/s in the healthy and diabetic participants, respectively (P < 0.0001). No rebound phenomenon was observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS The maximum reduction in MV was doubled in the healthy group compared with the diabetic group, whereas the glycerol permeability was 12 times higher in the diabetic participants. These findings confirm the paradigm of BRB breakdown in DME, but also suggest a novel procedure for the determination of retinal permeability to various agents, which is independent of the vitreous condition (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00333671).
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8.
Metabolism of halophilic archaea.
Falb, M, Müller, K, Königsmaier, L, Oberwinkler, T, Horn, P, von Gronau, S, Gonzalez, O, Pfeiffer, F, Bornberg-Bauer, E, Oesterhelt, D
Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions. 2008;(2):177-96
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Abstract
In spite of their common hypersaline environment, halophilic archaea are surprisingly different in their nutritional demands and metabolic pathways. The metabolic diversity of halophilic archaea was investigated at the genomic level through systematic metabolic reconstruction and comparative analysis of four completely sequenced species: Halobacterium salinarum, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloquadratum walsbyi, and the haloalkaliphile Natronomonas pharaonis. The comparative study reveals different sets of enzyme genes amongst halophilic archaea, e.g. in glycerol degradation, pentose metabolism, and folate synthesis. The carefully assessed metabolic data represent a reliable resource for future system biology approaches as it also links to current experimental data on (halo)archaea from the literature.
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Comparison of the effect of glycerol and triamcinolone acetonide on cumulative skin irritation in a randomized trial.
Andersen, F, Hedegaard, K, Petersen, TK, Bindslev-Jensen, C, Fullerton, A, Andersen, KE
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2007;(2):228-35
Abstract
BACKGROUND So-called anti-irritants are added to cosmetic formulations because of their alleged beneficial effect on irritated skin. Documentation for these claims is often limited. However, glycerol has shown anti-irritant properties in experimentally induced irritation from sodium lauryl sulfate and nonanoic acid (NON). This study was designed to further substantiate that glycerol added to cosmetic formulations has an anti-irritant effect on experimentally induced skin irritation. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare glycerol with triamcinolone acetonide as treatments for cutaneous irritation in human volunteers. METHODS Irritation was induced by 3 daily arm washes for a week with 10% sodium lauryl sulfate on one arm and 30% NON on the other. To maintain irritation, for the next 12 days volunteers washed their arms twice daily with the irritants. Treatments were applied immediately after washing. The treatments (including vehicle and no treatment) were randomized to sites using a Latin square design. The reactions were evaluated clinically and instrumentally. LIMITATIONS Study was designed to only detect potent anti-irritants. CONCLUSION Glycerol reduced the irritant effect of both sodium lauryl sulfate and NON, whereas triamcinolone acetonide appeared to have beneficial effect only on the irritation induced by NON. The study provided experimental documentation for the claim that glycerol has anti-irritant effect in a cosmetic formulation.
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Structural evidence of the similarity of Sb(OH)3 and As(OH)3 with glycerol: implications for their uptake.
Porquet, A, Filella, M
Chemical research in toxicology. 2007;(9):1269-76
Abstract
Recent experimental results suggest that As(III) and Sb(III) transport in prokaryotes and eukaryotes might be facilitated by aquaglyceroporins. GlpF, the glycerol facilitator in Escherichia coli was the first to be identified as a trivalent metalloid transporter. Quantum calculations have been performed to study the possible existence of common structural properties between As(OH) 3 and Sb(OH) 3 and glycerol. Because the mechanism of substrate migration is primarily related to the successive formation of hydrogen bonds between the substrate and the hydrophilic part of the channel wall, this study has focused on the structural, thermodynamic, and electrostatic comparison of the main As(III) and Sb(III) compounds present in aqueous solution at physiological pH values, As(OH) 3 and Sb(OH) 3, with the glycerol conformation closest to the structures of these As- and Sb-containing compounds. This particular glycerol conformation has then been compared to three known experimental conformations of glycerol present in the protein channel. Besides their stoichiometry and electroneutral condition, As(OH) 3 and Sb(OH) 3 show very strong similarities to both each other and the studied conformation of the glycerol molecule: Namely, they show a similar charge distribution and a slightly smaller volume than glycerol. Their smaller size can be an additional advantage for the transit through the narrowest region of the GlpF channel. However, the metalloid hydroxyl groups lack the flexibility of glycerol, which probably helps this molecule to adapt its conformation to the topology of the GlpF channel.