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Lower Postprandial Thermogenic Response to an Unprocessed Whole Food Meal Compared to an Iso-Energetic/Macronutrient Meal Replacement in Young Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Trial.
Mohr, AE, Ramos, C, Tavarez, K, Arciero, PJ
Nutrients. 2020;(8)
Abstract
In contrast to ultra-processed foods that are associated with increased weight gain and obesity risk, nutritionally engineered dietary supplements, including meal replacement (MR) bars and shakes, are generally promoted as healthy. Limited data is available comparing the metabolic and hunger responses of whole food (WF) versus MR meals. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the thermic effect (TEM), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), hunger/taste ratings, and glucose response of two different breakfast meals containing MR and WF products in young healthy women. Eight volunteers completed two iso-caloric (529 kcals)/macronutrient (50% carbohydrates; 26% fat; 24% protein) test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) whole food meal; or (2) meal replacement. TEM was significantly higher following MR compared with WF (percent mean difference: 7.76 ± 3.78%; absolute mean difference: 0.053 ± 0.026 kcal/minute, p = 0.048), whereas WF substrate utilization demonstrated lower carbohydrate oxidation (RER) than MR (mean difference: -0.024 ± 0.008, p = 0.005). No differences existed for blood glucose response and feelings of hunger, desire to eat, and satiety among trials. Consumption of an MR meal increases postprandial thermogenesis and RER compared to a WF meal, which may impact weight control and obesity risk over the long-term.
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A High-Protein Meal during a Night Shift Does Not Improve Postprandial Metabolic Response the Following Breakfast: A Randomized Crossover Study with Night Workers.
Cunha, NB, Silva, CM, Mota, MC, Lima, CA, Teixeira, KRC, Cunha, TM, Crispim, CA
Nutrients. 2020;(7)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the acute effect of a high-protein/moderate carbohydrate (HP-MCHO) versus low-protein/high-carbohydrate (LP-HCHO) meal served at night on the postprandial metabolic response of male night workers the following breakfast. A randomized crossover study was performed with 14 male night workers (40.9 ± 8.9 years old; 29.1 ± 5.3 kg/m2). Participants underwent two different isocaloric dietary conditions at 1:00 h of the night shift: HP-MCHO (45 en% carbohydrate, 35 en% protein and 20 en% fat) and LP-HCHO (65 en% carbohydrate, 15 en% protein and 20 en% fat). Postprandial capillary glucose levels were determined immediately before the intake of the test meal and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the end of the meal. At the end of the work shift (6:30 h), participants received a standard breakfast and postprandial levels of glucose, insulin and triglycerides were determined immediately before and then every 30 min for 2 h (30, 60, 90 and 120 min). Higher values of capillary glucose were found after the LP-HCHO condition compared to the HP-MCHO condition (area under the curve (AUC) = 119.46 ± 1.49 mg/dL × min and 102.95 ± 1.28 mg/dL × min, respectively; p < 0.001). For the metabolic response to standard breakfast as the following meal, no significant differences in glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and HOMA-IR levels were found between interventions. A night meal with a higher percentage of protein and a lower percentage of carbohydrate led to minor postprandial glucose levels during the night shift but exerted no effect on the metabolic response of the following meal. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03456219.
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Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Aortic Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the ANCHORS A-WHEY Clinical Trial.
Lefferts, WK, Augustine, JA, Spartano, NL, Hughes, WE, Babcock, MC, Heenan, BK, Heffernan, KS
Nutrients. 2020;(4)
Abstract
UNLABELLED ANCHORS A-WHEY was a 12-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to examine the effect of whey protein on large artery stiffness, cerebrovascular responses to cognitive activity and cognitive function in older adults. METHODS 99 older adults (mean ± SD; age 67 ± 6 years, BMI 27.2 ± 4.7kg/m2, 45% female) were randomly assigned to 50g/daily of whey protein isolate (WPI) or an iso-caloric carbohydrate (CHO) control for 12 weeks (NCT01956994). Aortic stiffness was determined as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Aortic hemodynamic load was assessed as the product of aortic systolic blood pressure and heart rate (Ao SBP × HR). Cerebrovascular response to cognitive activity was assessed as change in middle-cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity pulsatility index (PI) during a cognitive perturbation (Stroop task). Cognitive function was assessed using a computerized neurocognitive battery. RESULTS cfPWV increased slightly in CHO and significantly decreased in WPI (p < 0.05). Ao SBP × HR was unaltered in CHO but decreased significantly in WPI (p < 0.05). Although emotion recognition selectively improved with WPI (p < 0.05), WPI had no effect on other domains of cognitive function or MCA PI response to cognitive activity (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Compared to CHO, WPI supplementation results in favorable reductions in aortic stiffness and aortic hemodynamic load with limited effects on cognitive function and cerebrovascular function in community-dwelling older adults.
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Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of multiple Escherichia coli strains highlight strain-specific adaptations to nutritional environments.
Monk, JM, Charusanti, P, Aziz, RK, Lerman, JA, Premyodhin, N, Orth, JD, Feist, AM, Palsson, BØ
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013;(50):20338-43
Abstract
Genome-scale models (GEMs) of metabolism were constructed for 55 fully sequenced Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. The GEMs enable a systems approach to characterizing the pan and core metabolic capabilities of the E. coli species. The majority of pan metabolic content was found to consist of alternate catabolic pathways for unique nutrient sources. The GEMs were then used to systematically analyze growth capabilities in more than 650 different growth-supporting environments. The results show that unique strain-specific metabolic capabilities correspond to pathotypes and environmental niches. Twelve of the GEMs were used to predict growth on six differentiating nutrients, and the predictions were found to agree with 80% of experimental outcomes. Additionally, GEMs were used to predict strain-specific auxotrophies. Twelve of the strains modeled were predicted to be auxotrophic for vitamins niacin (vitamin B3), thiamin (vitamin B1), or folate (vitamin B9). Six of the strains modeled have lost biosynthetic pathways for essential amino acids methionine, tryptophan, or leucine. Genome-scale analysis of multiple strains of a species can thus be used to define the metabolic essence of a microbial species and delineate growth differences that shed light on the adaptation process to a particular microenvironment.
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Association between nutrient intake and peripheral artery disease: results from the InCHIANTI study.
Antonelli-Incalzi, R, Pedone, C, McDermott, MM, Bandinelli, S, Miniati, B, Lova, RM, Lauretani, F, Ferrucci, L
Atherosclerosis. 2006;(1):200-6
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between dietary patterns and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Our aim was to estimate the association between nutrient intake and diagnosis of PAD. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed the nutrient intake of 1251 home-dwelling subjects enrolled in the InCHIANTI study, mean age 68 years (S.D.: 15). We explored the relationship between nutrient intake, obtained through the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) questionnaire, and PAD, defined as an ankle-brachial index (ABI)<0.90. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found a reduction of the risk of having an ABI<0.90 associated with vegetable lipid intake>or=34.4 g/day (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16-0.97), Vitamin E intake>or=7.726 mg/day (OR: 0.37; 95% CI 0.16-0.84) and higher serum HDL cholesterol concentration (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63-0.92 for 10mg/dl increase). Age (OR: 1.11; 95% CI 1.07-1.14 for 1 year increase), smoking (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04 for 10 packs/year increase) and pulse pressure (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.19 for 5 mmHg increase) were associated with an increased risk of PAD. CONCLUSIONS A higher intake of vegetable lipids, Vitamin E and higher concentrations of serum HDL cholesterol characterize subjects free from PAD. Prospective studies are needed to verify whether this dietary pattern and/or interventions aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol exert some protective effect against PAD.
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How should we measure nutrition-induced improvements in memory?
Benton, D, Kallus, KW, Schmitt, JA
European journal of nutrition. 2005;(8):485-98
Abstract
There is a basic distinction between declarative memories, which can be stated verbally, and non-declarative memory, such as how to ride a bicycle, which cannot be expressed in words. With age it is the performance of declarative memory, particularly episodic memory that requires recall of events placed in time, that declines. As memory is not a unitary phenomenon, it should be ideally monitored using a range of tests that reflect theoretical conceptions of the topic. If circumstances demand the use of a single test then a measure of episodic memory is suggested. When it proves only possible to use a rating scale it should be ensured that memory is distinguished from other aspects of cognition and that different types of memory are not confused. The tests used, and the form in which they are used, need to be chosen to be of appropriate difficulty for the sample studied. A major conclusion is that the selection of the measure of memory used in the study of a dietary intervention should never be routine. It is inevitable that the form of the test used will need to be chosen carefully for the population being studied.
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Postexercise nutrient intake enhances leg protein balance in early postmenopausal women.
Holm, L, Esmarck, B, Suetta, C, Matsumoto, K, Doi, T, Mizuno, M, Miller, BF, Kjaer, M
The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2005;(9):1212-8
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of nutrient administration after a session of resistance exercise on muscle protein kinetics in six healthy, early postmenopausal women, in a crossover design of random and double-blinded administration of protein and carbohydrate (PC) or placebo (NON). METHODS Fasted participants received a primed-constant infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine. After 90 minutes of rest, the participants performed leg-resistance exercises followed by the oral supplementation. During the following 4 hours, net protein balance (NB) and rate of disappearance and appearance of phenylalanine were calculated from arterial-venous blood samples and blood flow measurements. RESULTS NB was elevated (p <.001) in the PC group compared to the NON group, and NB was not different from zero in the PC group, whereas it was negative in the NON group. Net balance results were supported by kinetic data from a reduced number of participants, showing that rate of disappearance was responsible for the initial (<1 hour) effect of PC, whereas a reduced rate of appearance enhanced the NB from 1.5 to 3 hours after training in the PC group. CONCLUSION In early postmenopausal women, nutrient ingestion following resistance exercise improved anabolism by enhancing NB in skeletal muscle.
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Early childhood development interventions and cognitive development of young children in rural Vietnam.
Watanabe, K, Flores, R, Fujiwara, J, Tran, LT
The Journal of nutrition. 2005;(8):1918-25
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Abstract
Little is known about the long-term benefits of interventions that aim to promote early childhood development programs. The goal of this research was to determine whether an early childhood development intervention added to a nutrition intervention during preschool ages had lasting effects on the cognitive development of school-age children in communes of Thanh Hoa province in rural Vietnam. The study focused on a total of 313 children aged 6.5-8.5 y (grades 1 and 2 in primary school) in 2 communes that were exposed to nutrition intervention or nutrition and early childhood development (ECD) intervention from 1999 to 2003. Measurements of height and cognitive test scores (Raven's Progressive Matrices Test) were collected from the children; household characteristics were determined by interviews with mothers. Longitudinal analysis was performed by integrating the data with that collected from the same children in past surveys. Significant effects of the ECD intervention compared with the nutrition intervention were detected. The beneficial effect of ECD intervention on the cognitive test scores was large for the most nutritionally challenged children whose height-for-age Z-scores declined or remained in the stunted range. The findings help provide useful insights into the development of an effective integrated model of ECD and nutrition intervention for children in rural Vietnam.
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Increased fruit and vegetable consumption: potential health benefits.
Southon, S
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2001;(4 Suppl):78-81
Abstract
In this European Union project, a Core human study was conducted in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Spain, France and The Netherlands. Oxidative and antioxidant status, vegetable and fruit consumption, and carotenoid intake of volunteers from different countries were compared. Response to increased carotenoid intake was determined. Attention was paid to whether the antioxidant capability of beta-carotene, lutein and lycopene demonstrated in vitro was apparent in relation to increased oxidation resistance of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL). Other (complementary) studies were undertaken and included determination of: protective effects of carotenoid-rich foods against LDL and DNA oxidative damage; carotenoid absorbability; barriers to increased vegetable consumption; and carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables frequently consumed in Europe. Our results demonstrated that carotenoid supplementation did not increase LDL oxidation resistance. However, increased consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables did increase LDL oxidation resistance, and higher plasma concentration of total and specific carotenoids (pre-supplementation) was associated with lower DNA damage.