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1.
Increase of plasma erythroferrone levels during high-altitude exposure: A sub-analysis of the TOP OF HOMe study.
Emrich, IE, Scheuer, A, Wagenpfeil, S, Ganz, T, Heine, GH
American journal of hematology. 2021;(5):E179-E181
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2.
Racial Variations in Appetite-Related Hormones, Appetite, and Laboratory-Based Energy Intake from the E-MECHANIC Randomized Clinical Trial.
Dorling, JL, Church, TS, Myers, CA, Höchsmann, C, White, UA, Hsia, DS, Martin, CK, Apolzan, JW
Nutrients. 2019;(9)
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have a higher obesity risk than Whites; however, it is unclear if appetite-related hormones and food intake are implicated. We examined differences in appetite-related hormones, appetite, and food intake between AAs (n = 53) and Whites (n = 111) with overweight or obesity. Participants were randomized into a control group or into supervised, controlled exercise groups at 8 kcal/kg of body weight/week (KKW) or 20 KKW. Participants consumed lunch and dinner at baseline and follow-up, with appetite and hormones measured before and after meals (except leptin). At baseline, AAs had lower peptide YY (PYY; p < 0.01) and a blunted elevation in PYY after lunch (p = 0.01), as well as lower ghrelin (p = 0.02) and higher leptin (p < 0.01) compared to Whites. Despite desire to eat being lower and satisfaction being higher in AAs relative to Whites (p ≤ 0.03), no racial differences in food intake were observed. Compared to Whites, leptin increased in the 8 KKW group in AAs (p = 0.01), yet no other race-by-group interactions were evident. Differences in appetite-related hormones between AAs and Whites exist; however, their influence on racial disparities in appetite, food intake, and obesity within this trial was limited.
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3.
Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplements with Sucromalt and Isomaltulose versus Standard Formula on Glycaemic Index, Entero-Insular Axis Peptides and Subjective Appetite in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Cross-Over Study.
Angarita Dávila, L, Bermúdez, V, Aparicio, D, Céspedes, V, Escobar, MC, Durán-Agüero, S, Cisternas, S, de Assis Costa, J, Rojas-Gómez, D, Reyna, N, et al
Nutrients. 2019;(7)
Abstract
Oral diabetes-specific nutritional supplements (ONS-D) induce favourable postprandial responses in subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM2), but they have not been correlated yet with incretin release and subjective appetite (SA). This randomised, double-blind, cross-over study compared postprandial effects of ONS-D with isomaltulose and sucromalt versus standard formula (ET) on glycaemic index (GI), insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and SA in 16 individuals with DM2. After overnight fasting, subjects consumed a portion of supplements containing 25 g of carbohydrates or reference food. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min; and SA sensations were assessed by a visual analogue scale on separate days. Glycaemic index values were low for ONS-D and intermediate for ET (p < 0.001). The insulin area under the curve (AUC0-180 min) (p < 0.02) and GIP AUC (p < 0.02) were lower after ONS-D and higher GLP-1 AUC when compared with ET (p < 0.05). Subjective appetite AUC was greater after ET than ONS-D (p < 0.05). Interactions between hormones, hunger, fullness and GI were found, but not within the ratings of SA; isomaltulose and sucromalt may have influenced these factors.
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4.
High-fructose corn syrup and sucrose have equivalent effects on energy-regulating hormones at normal human consumption levels.
Yu, Z, Lowndes, J, Rippe, J
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2013;(12):1043-52
Abstract
Intake of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has been suggested to contribute to the increased prevalence of obesity, whereas a number of studies and organizations have reported metabolic equivalence between HFCS and sucrose. We hypothesized that HFCS and sucrose would have similar effects on energy-regulating hormones and metabolic substrates at normal levels of human consumption and that these values would not change over a 10-week, free-living period at these consumption levels. This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, parallel group study in which 138 adult men and women consumed 10 weeks of low-fat milk sweetened with either HFCS or sucrose at levels of the 25th, 50th, and 90th percentile population consumption of fructose (the equivalent of 40, 90, or 150 g of sugar per day in a 2000-kcal diet). Before and after the 10-week intervention, 24-hour blood samples were collected. The area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, insulin, leptin, active ghrelin, triglyceride, and uric acid was measured. There were no group differences at baseline or posttesting for all outcomes (interaction, P > .05). The AUC response of glucose, active ghrelin, and uric acid did not change between baseline and posttesting (P > .05), whereas the AUC response of insulin (P < .05), leptin (P < .001), and triglyceride (P < .01) increased over the course of the intervention when the 6 groups were averaged. We conclude that there are no differences in the metabolic effects of HFCS and sucrose when compared at low, medium, and high levels of consumption.
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5.
The acute ghrelin response to a psychological stress challenge does not predict the post-stress urge to eat.
Rouach, V, Bloch, M, Rosenberg, N, Gilad, S, Limor, R, Stern, N, Greenman, Y
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;(6):693-702
Abstract
Ghrelin is a growth hormone and cortisol secretagogue that plays an important role in appetite and weight regulation. It is not known whether ghrelin is involved in the eating response to stress in humans. In the present study we examined the effects of psychologically induced stress on plasma ghrelin levels in patients with binge-eating disorder (BED) (n=8) and in healthy subjects of normal (n=8) or increased (n=8) body mass index (BMI). Volunteers were subjected to the standardized trier social stress test (TSST). Heart rate, blood pressure, serum cortisol, serum prolactin, and plasma ghrelin levels were measured throughout the test. In addition, subjects were requested to rate their feelings of anxiety, tension, urge to eat uncontrollably and desire to eat sweets by means of a visual analog scale both before and after the TSST. There was a significant rise in the systolic blood pressure (p=0.003) in the study population, reflecting induction of physiological changes by the psychological challenge. Basal ghrelin levels were higher in healthy normal weight (385.4+/-79 pg/ml) than in obese (170.4+/-15.7 pg/ml) subjects (p<0.033). Basal ghrelin levels in patients with BED (240+/-40.8 pg/ml) were at an intermediate level between thin and healthy obese subjects, but this difference did not attain statistical significance. There were no differences in ghrelin levels throughout the test among the groups after correction for BMI, age and gender. A significant difference in the trend time of ghrelin was revealed when the three groups were analyzed according to their cortisol response to stress. Ghrelin levels increased in cortisol responders whereas no change or a decrease in ghrelin levels occurred in cortisol non-responders (p=0.038). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the change in ghrelin and the change in cortisol during TSST (r=0.444, p=0.029) but not between the change in ghrelin and the change in systolic blood pressure. The combined score of stress and anxiety was higher in subjects in the higher quartile of ghrelin response in comparison to the lower quartile both before (28.3+/-6.5 vs. 6.6+/-3.3, p=0.0077) and after (61.6+/-9 vs. 28.3+/-11.3, p=0.033) TSST. On the other hand, eating related scores did not differ according to quartiles of ghrelin response. Our findings indicate that a psychological stress may induce an increase in plasma ghrelin levels in humans, and that the post-stress induced urge for uncontrolled eating is not acutely modulated by stress related elevations in ghrelin levels. Furthermore, the stress induced increase in plasma ghrelin was associated with the acute response of serum cortisol to stress, but was independent of BMI or the presence of BED.
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6.
Plasma ghrelin levels after two high-carbohydrate meals producing different insulin responses in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Heinonen, MV, Karhunen, LJ, Chabot, ED, Toppinen, LK, Juntunen, KS, Laaksonen, DE, Siloaho, M, Liukkonen, KH, Herzig, KH, Niskanen, LK, et al
Regulatory peptides. 2007;(2-3):118-25
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide produced in the stomach and its plasma levels are decreased acutely in response to ingested nutrients. To further clarify the role of insulin on ghrelin secretion, the present study was designed to investigate whether circulating ghrelin is affected differently by two mixtures of whole-grain breads known to produce low or high insulin responses in obese non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome. After an overnight fast eight obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome (3 men and 5 women; BMI 33.7+/-0.7 kg/m(2); age 55.6+/-1.8 y) received two different meals consisting of whole-grain rye or wheat breads. The comparison group (3 men and 5 women; BMI 22.5+/-0.5 kg/m(2); age 26.0+/-0.9 y) received a wheat bread meal. Blood samples were collected postprandially at time intervals for 2 h. Feelings of hunger and satiety were analyzed using the visual analogue scales. Ghrelin concentrations decreased after bread meals in lean individuals, but not in obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Despite the difference in plasma insulin response, there was no difference in plasma ghrelin or feelings of hunger and satiety in patients with metabolic syndrome. After both rye and wheat bread meals, the decrease in ghrelin concentrations seen in normal-weight individuals after wheat bread meal was absent in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Despite the different plasma insulin response in obese patients, ghrelin levels did not change in response to either type of bread meals. In addition, ghrelin levels did not correlate with insulin, glucose, HOMA1-IR and satiety and hunger ratings in either study groups. This indicates that regulation of ghrelin might be altered in obese patients with metabolic syndrome independently of insulin.
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7.
Soy isoflavones increase preprandial peptide YY (PYY), but have no effect on ghrelin and body weight in healthy postmenopausal women.
Weickert, MO, Reimann, M, Otto, B, Hall, WL, Vafeiadou, K, Hallund, J, Ferrari, M, Talbot, D, Branca, F, Bügel, S, et al
Journal of negative results in biomedicine. 2006;:11
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy isoflavones show structural and functional similarities to estradiol. Available data indicate that estradiol and estradiol-like components may interact with gut "satiety hormones" such as peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin, and thus influence body weight. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial with 34 healthy postmenopausal women (59 +/- 6 years, BMI: 24.7 +/- 2.8 kg/m2), isoflavone-enriched cereal bars (50 mg isoflavones/day; genistein to daidzein ratio 2:1) or non-isoflavone-enriched control bars were consumed for 8 weeks (wash-out period: 8-weeks). Seventeen of the subjects were classified as equol producers. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin and PYY, as well as energy intake and body weight were measured at baseline and after four and eight weeks of each intervention arm. RESULTS Body weight increased in both treatment periods (isoflavone: 0.40 +/- 0.94 kg, P < 0.001; placebo: 0.66 +/- 0.87 kg, P = 0.018), with no significant difference between treatments. No significant differences in energy intake were observed (P = 0.634). PYY significantly increased during isoflavone treatment (51 +/- 2 pmol/L vs. 55 +/- 2 pmol/L), but not during placebo (52 +/- 3 pmol/L vs. 50 +/- 2 pmol/L), (P = 0.010 for treatment differences, independent of equol production). Baseline plasma ghrelin was significantly lower in equol producers (110 +/- 16 pmol/L) than in equol non-producers (162 +/- 17 pmol/L; P = 0.025). CONCLUSION Soy isoflavone supplementation for eight weeks did not significantly reduce energy intake or body weight, even though plasma PYY increased during isoflavone treatment. Ghrelin remained unaffected by isoflavone treatment. A larger and more rigorous appetite experiment might detect smaller differences in energy intake after isoflavone consumption. However, the results of the present study do not indicate that increased PYY has a major role in the regulation of body weight, at least in healthy postmenopausal women.
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8.
Energy intake, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin after different carbohydrate and protein preloads in overweight men.
Bowen, J, Noakes, M, Trenerry, C, Clifton, PM
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;(4):1477-83
Abstract
CONTEXT Dietary proteins appear to be more satiating than carbohydrate. The mechanism and effect of protein and carbohydrate type are unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to compare the acute effect of different proteins and carbohydrates on indicators of appetite and appetite regulatory hormones. DESIGN This is a randomized cross-over study of four orally consumed preloads followed by blood sampling (+15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min), then a buffet meal. SETTING The study was carried out in an outpatient clinic. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS Nineteen overweight (body mass index 32.1 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2)) men participated. INTERVENTIONS Liquid preloads (1 MJ) contained whey (55 g), casein (55 g), lactose (56 g), or glucose (56 g). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucose and amino acids, gastric emptying rate (plasma paracetamol), appetite rating (visual analog scale), and ad libitum energy intake were the main outcome measures. RESULTS Energy intake was 10 +/- 3% higher after the glucose preload compared with lactose and protein preloads (P < 0.05), which were predicted by ghrelin at 120 min (P < 0.05). CCK was 71 +/- 6% higher 90 min after the protein preloads compared with glucose and lactose (P < 0.05), which predicted appetite at 180 min (P < 0.05). There was a small increase in branched chain amino acids after the whey preload compared with casein (P < 0.01), but this was independent of appetite and energy intake. CONCLUSION Acute appetite and energy intake are equally reduced after consumption of lactose, casein, or whey compared with glucose, which was consistent with differences in plasma ghrelin. Higher CCK responses after proteins correlated with satiety but did not affect energy intake.
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9.
Administration of Lispro insulin with meals improves glycemic control, increases circulating leptin, and suppresses ghrelin, compared with regular/NPH insulin in female patients with type 1 diabetes.
Griffen, SC, Oostema, K, Stanhope, KL, Graham, J, Styne, DM, Glaser, N, Cummings, DE, Connors, MH, Havel, PJ
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;(2):485-91
Abstract
CONTEXT Overweight and obesity are overrepresented in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Exogenous insulin administration often poorly reproduces normal insulin patterns and may less effectively regulate leptin and ghrelin, two hormones involved in the control of appetite and adiposity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether insulin regimens that better replicate normal insulin patterns and augment postprandial nutrient disposal may help normalize leptin and ghrelin and improve body weight regulation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Ten young women with T1DM were studied in this 2-wk prospective, balanced crossover-design study at the University of California, Davis. INTERVENTION Participants received either a single injection of regular + NPH insulin (R+N) or two mealtime injections of Lispro insulin in randomized order on 2 separate days. Meal composition and total insulin administered were the same on both treatment days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin concentrations were monitored over the 10-h study period. RESULTS Lispro produced two distinct mealtime peaks of insulin, compared with one prolonged rise with R+N. Lispro reduced postprandial hyperglycemia and total glucose area under the curve. Leptin increased more on the Lispro (2.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, P = 0.02). Ghrelin was more suppressed after lunch with Lispro (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Injection of Lispro insulin with meals produces more physiological insulin patterns, better glucose control, and improved leptin and ghrelin regulation than R+N. More closely mimicking normal insulin, leptin, and ghrelin responses to meals with fast-acting insulin may have implications for body weight regulation in T1DM.
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10.
Obese subjects respond to the stimulatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 on food intake.
Laferrère, B, Hart, AB, Bowers, CY
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2006;(6):1056-63
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The administration of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue GH-releasing peptide (GHRP)-2, like ghrelin, increases food intake (FI) in lean healthy men. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this effect occurs in obese subjects and whether it is dose-dependent. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Nineteen subjects (10 lean and nine obese), all healthy and weight stable, received a double-blind randomized subcutaneous infusion of GHRP-2 at high dose (HD; 1 mug/kg per hour), low dose (0.1 microg/kg per hour), or placebo for 270 minutes over three study visits. Blood for hormone assays was collected through an intravenous forearm catheter. Hunger and fullness were rated on visual analog scales before and after a fixed breakfast (320 kcal at 120 minutes) and a buffet lunch at 240 minutes. Before lunch, subjects received taped instructions to eat as much as they wanted. RESULTS GHRP-2 infusion significantly increased ad libitum FI in a dose-dependent manner by 10.2 +/- 3.9% at low dose (p = 0.011) and by 33.5 +/- 5.8% at HD (p = 0.000) compared with placebo. Obesity status did not influence the effect of GHRP-2 on FI. All subjects had greater ratings of appetite before but similar levels of fullness after the meal with the HD GHRP-2. Serum GH levels increased dose dependently in all subjects. DISCUSSION The dual stimulatory effect of GHRP-2 on FI and human GH is dose dependent. Obese individuals retain their ability to respond to GHRP-2 both in terms of FI and human GH.