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Effects of elastic taping, non-elastic taping and static stretching on recovery after intensive eccentric exercise.
Boobphachart, D, Manimmanakorn, N, Manimmanakorn, A, Thuwakum, W, Hamlin, MJ
Research in sports medicine (Print). 2017;(2):181-190
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of elastic tape (Kinesio tape) to placebo tape or static stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness. Fifty-one untrained female healthy volunteers were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 17/group), elastic tape, placebo tape and stretching group. Muscle soreness was induced by 4 sets of 25 maximal isokinetic (60°.s-1) eccentric contractions of dominant quadriceps on an isokinetic dynamometer. Compared with placebo tape, the elastic tape participants had less muscle soreness at 72 h post-exercise (p = 0.01). The elastic tape also increased isometric strength at 72 h post-exercise compared with the placebo (p = 0.03) and stretching group (p = 0.02). However, there was little effect between groups for changes in thigh circumference, jumping, pressure pain threshold, rate of perceived exertion, creatine kinase activity and joint motion. Elastic taping increased muscle strength recovery and reduced muscle soreness after intensive exercise.
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Effect of a 12-Week Low vs. High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training on Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Exercise Intervention Study.
Prado, WL, Lofrano-Prado, MC, Oyama, LM, Cardel, M, Gomes, PP, Andrade, ML, Freitas, CR, Balagopal, P, Hill, JO
Pediatric exercise science. 2015;(4):510-7
Abstract
Little is known about how the intensity of aerobic training influences appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents. Our goal was to assess the effect of low and high intensity aerobic trainings on food intake and appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents. Forty three obese adolescents (age: 13-18y, BMI: 34.48 ± 3.94 kg/m2) were randomized into high intensity training (HIT; n = 20) or low intensity training (LIT; n = 23) groups for 12 weeks. All participants also received the same nutritional, psychological and clinical counseling. Pre- and postintervention energy intake (EI) and circulating levels of insulin, leptin, peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and ghrelin were measured. Adolescents in the HIT showed a reduction in total EI and an increase in PYY3-36 (p < .05). Aerobic exercise training performed at ventilatory threshold 1 intensity, reduced EI and augmented PYY3-36 in obese adolescents, compared with LIT. The data suggest that HIT and LIT have differential effects in the regulation of appetite signals and subsequent EI in obese adolescents.
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Acute effects of different degrees of ultra-endurance exercise on systemic inflammatory responses.
Comassi, M, Vitolo, E, Pratali, L, Del Turco, S, Dellanoce, C, Rossi, C, Santini, E, Solini, A
Internal medicine journal. 2015;(1):74-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense physical stress might promote inflammatory responses, whereas a regular physical exercise has positive influence. Little is known on the acute metabolic and inflammatory responses to different levels of strenuous exercise in trained athletes. AIM: To compare the short-term effect of two different ultra-endurance competitions on the inflammatory profile in male triathletes. METHODS We studied 14 Ironman (IR) and 13 Half Ironman (HIR) before and after their own specific race. We assessed body composition and measured blood cells, lipids, iron metabolism and plasma levels of some acute-phase cytokines and inflammatory markers. RESULTS After the race, IR showed reduced total body water and fat-free mass, not related with the duration of exercise, and increased white cells and platelets; high-density lipoprotein levels also increased. IR, but not HIR, showed reduced iron levels, increased ferritin and transferrin, reduced % saturated transferrin. HIR showed higher basal interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-1β than IR; however, the post-performance rise was greater in IR. Irisin increased only in HIR and osteocalcin decreased in IR. In the whole study group, delta of white blood cells was directly related with delta of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and Δ ferritin was inversely related with Δosteocalcin. CONCLUSIONS A single ultra-endurance competition induces an inflammatory response depending on the duration of physical effort, with increased acute-phase cytokines, and an altered iron metabolism. Irisin, whose biological meaning is still uncertain, seems to be associated with acute variations of some metabolic parameters.
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Improvement of 2000-m rowing performance with caffeinated carbohydrate-gel ingestion.
Scott, AT, O'Leary, T, Walker, S, Owen, R
International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2015;(4):464-8
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of ingesting a caffeinated carbohydrate gel (CC) 10 minutes prior on 2000-m rowing performance compared with a carbohydrate-only placebo gel (CP). METHODS A counterbalanced, single-blind, crossover study design was employed (N=13). All participants completed 1 familiarization trial followed by 2 experimental rowing time trials. The experimental trials were performed 10 min after ingesting CP (21.6 g of carbohydrate, 0 mg caffeine) or CC (21.6 g carbohydrate, 100 mg caffeine), and heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation (VE), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), gastrointestinal discomfort (GI), and thirst perception (Thirst) were recorded every 200 m. Blood lactate [La-] was recorded immediately before and after exercise. RESULTS A pairedsamples t test identified a significant improvement in 2000-m performance of 5.2±3.9 s (1.1%±1.7%; P=.034). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant treatment effect for HR (177±8 vs 177±9 beats/min, P=.817), VO2 (46.1±6.5 vs 46.6±6.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), P=.590), VE (121.8±14.7 vs 124.8±15.7 L/min, P=.490), RPE, GI, or Thirst for CP and CC, respectively. Paired-samples t tests revealed no treatment effect for postexercise [La-] between CP and CC (11.72±2.69 vs 12.26±3.13 mmol/L, P=.534). CONCLUSION A relatively low dose of caffeine (1.3±0.1 mg/kg body mass) in an isotonic carbohydrate gel ingested only 10 min before performance improved 2000-m rowing time by 5.2±7.8 s (1.1%±1.7%).
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Effect of sprint training: training once daily versus twice every second day.
Ijichi, T, Hasegawa, Y, Morishima, T, Kurihara, T, Hamaoka, T, Goto, K
European journal of sport science. 2015;(2):143-50
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Abstract
This study compared training adaptations between once daily (SINGLE) and twice every second day (REPEATED) sprint training, with same number of training sessions. Twenty physically active males (20.9 ± 1.3 yr) were assigned randomly to the SINGLE (n = 10) or REPEATED (n = 10) group. The SINGLE group trained once per day (5 days per week) for 4 weeks (20 sessions in total). The REPEATED group conducted two consecutive training sessions on the same day, separated by a rest period of 1 h (2-3 days per week) for 4 weeks (20 sessions in total). Each training session consisted of three consecutive 30-s maximal pedalling sets with a 10-min rest between sets. Before and after the training period, the power output during two bouts of 30-s maximal pedalling, exercise duration during submaximal pedalling and resting muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) levels were evaluated. Both groups showed significant increases in peak and mean power output during the two 30-s bouts of maximal pedalling after the training period (P < 0.05). The groups showed similar increases in VO2max after the training period (P < 0.05). The REPEATED group showed a significant increase in the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) after the training period (P < 0.05), whereas no change was observed in the SINGLE group. The time to exhaustion at 90% of VO2max and muscle PCr concentration at baseline did not change significantly in either group. Sprint training twice every second day improved OBLA during endurance exercise more than the same training once daily.
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Comparison of creatine supplementation before versus after supervised resistance training in healthy older adults.
Candow, DG, Zello, GA, Ling, B, Farthing, JP, Chilibeck, PD, McLeod, K, Harris, J, Johnson, S
Research in sports medicine (Print). 2014;(1):61-74
Abstract
This study was performed to compare the effects of creatine supplementation (CR) before vs. after supervised resistance training (RT) in healthy older adults. Participants were randomized to one of two groups: CR-Before (0.1g•kg(-1) creatine before + 0.1g•kg(-1) placebo [rice flour] after RT, n = 11) or CR-After (placebo before + creatine after RT, n = 11). Resistance training (RT) was performed 3 days/week, on nonconsecutive days, for 12 weeks. Prior to and following the study, measures were taken for body composition, maximum strength, muscle protein catabolism, and kidney function. Over the 12-week training period, both groups experienced a significant increase in whole-body lean tissue mass, limb muscle thickness, and upper and lower body strength and a decrease in muscle protein catabolism (p < 0.001), with no differences between groups. There was no change in kidney function over time. Changes in muscle mass or strength are similar when creatine is ingested before or after supervised resistance training in older adults.
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Continuous exercise but not high intensity interval training improves fat distribution in overweight adults.
Keating, SE, Machan, EA, O'Connor, HT, Gerofi, JA, Sainsbury, A, Caterson, ID, Johnson, NA
Journal of obesity. 2014;:834865
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) versus continuous aerobic exercise training (CONT) or placebo (PLA) on body composition by randomized controlled design. METHODS Work capacity and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention in 38 previously inactive overweight adults. RESULTS There was a significant group × time interaction for change in work capacity (P < 0.001), which increased significantly in CONT (23.8 ± 3.0%) and HIIT (22.3 ± 3.5%) but not PLA (3.1 ± 5.0%). There was a near-significant main effect for percentage trunk fat, with trunk fat reducing in CONT by 3.1 ± 1.6% and in PLA by 1.1 ± 0.4%, but not in HIIT (increase of 0.7 ± 1.0%) (P = 0.07). There was a significant reduction in android fat percentage in CONT (2.7 ± 1.3%) and PLA (1.4 ± 0.8%) but not HIIT (increase of 0.8 ± 0.7%) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION These data suggest that HIIT may be advocated as a time-efficient strategy for eliciting comparable fitness benefits to traditional continuous exercise in inactive, overweight adults. However, in this population HIIT does not confer the same benefit to body fat levels as continuous exercise training.
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A comparison of caffeine versus pseudoephedrine on cycling time-trial performance.
Spence, AL, Sim, M, Landers, G, Peeling, P
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2013;(5):507-12
Abstract
Both caffeine (CAF) and pseudoephedrine (PSE) are proposed to be central nervous system stimulants. However, during competition, CAF is a permitted substance, whereas PSE is a banned substance at urinary levels >150 μg · ml(-1). As a result, this study aimed to compare the effect of CAF versus PSE use on cycling time trial (TT) performance to explore whether the legal stimulant was any less ergogenic than the banned substance. Here, 10 well-trained male cyclists or triathletes were recruited for participation. All athletes were required to attend the laboratory on four separate occasions--including a familiarization trial and three experimental trials, which required participants to complete a simulated 40 km (1,200 kJ) cycling TT after the ingestion of either 200 mg CAF, 180 mg PSE or a nonnutritive placebo (PLA). The results showed that the total time taken and the mean power produced during each TT was not significantly different (p > .05) between trials, despite a 1.3% faster overall time (~57 s) after CAF consumption. Interestingly, the time taken to complete the second half of the TT was significantly faster (p < .05) in CAF as compared with PSE (by 99 s), with magnitude based inferences suggesting a 91% beneficial effect of CAF during the second half of the TT. This investigation further confirms the ergogenic benefits of CAF use during TT performances and further suggests this legal CNS stimulant has a better influence than a supra-therapeutic dose of PSE.
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Carbohydrate-protein coingestion improves multiple-sprint running performance.
Highton, J, Twist, C, Lamb, K, Nicholas, C
Journal of sports sciences. 2013;(4):361-9
Abstract
Acute carbohydrate-protein ingestion has been shown to improve steady-state endurance performance. This study compared the effects of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein ingestion on self-regulated simulated multiple-sprint sport performance. Nine participants completed two trials of a modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test involving 4 x 15 min blocks of regulated exercise followed by 2 x 15 min blocks of self-regulated exercise. Participants consumed 2.5 ml · kg(-1) of an 8% carbohydrate (CHO trial) or 6% carbohydrate plus 2% whey protein beverage (CHO-P trial) every 15 minutes. Distance covered (4.2%) and maximal speed (6.1%) decreased (P < 0.05) in the final 15 min of exercise, and whilst not significant, carbohydrate-protein elicited a very likely moderate (2.5: 90% confidence limits; ±1.4%) and possibly small (1.9: ±3.3%) improvement in each variable, respectively. Average running speed declined in the final 15 min of the CHO trial only (P = 0.002), with protein providing a likely small improvement (2.7%: ±2.5%). No differences (P > 0.05) between beverages were observed in body mass or plasma volume change, urine volume, heart rate, gut fullness, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood glucose or serum insulin. Blood urea concentration increased in the CHO-P trial only (mean ± SD: 45.4 ± 9.9 c.f. 39.2 ± 11.4 g · dL(-1), P = 0.003). These findings show carbohydrate-protein ingestion is likely to enhance multiple-sprint sport exercise performance above carbohydrate, potentially through altered central fatigue or increased protein oxidation.
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The effect of adding caffeine to postexercise carbohydrate feeding on subsequent high-intensity interval-running capacity compared with carbohydrate alone.
Taylor, C, Higham, D, Close, GL, Morton, JP
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2011;(5):410-6
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that adding caffeine to postexercise carbohydrate (CHO) feedings improves subsequent high-intensity interval-running capacity compared with CHO alone. In a repeated-measures design, 6 men performed a glycogen-depleting exercise protocol until volitional exhaustion in the morning. Immediately after and at 1, 2, and 3 hr postexercise, participants consumed 1.2 g/kg body mass CHO of a 15% CHO solution, a similar CHO solution but with addition of 8 mg/kg body mass of caffeine (CHO+CAFF), or an equivalent volume of flavored water only (WAT). After the 4-hr recovery period, participants performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) to volitional exhaustion as a measure of high-intensity interval-running capacity. Average blood glucose values during the 4-hr recovery period were higher in the CHO conditions (p < .005) than in the WAT trial (4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L), although there was no difference (p = .46) between CHO (6.2 ± 0.8 mmol/L) and CHO+CAFF (6.7 ± 1.0 mmol/L). Exercise capacity during the LIST was significantly longer in the CHO+CAFF trial (48 ± 15 min) than in the CHO (32 ± 15 min, p = .04) and WAT conditions (19 ± 6 min, p = .001). All 6 participants improved performance in CHO+CAFF compared with CHO (95% CI for mean difference = 1-32 min). The study provides novel data by demonstrating that adding caffeine to postexercise CHO feeding improves subsequent high-intensity interval-running capacity, a finding that may be related to higher rates of postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis previously observed under similar feeding conditions.