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1.
Liraglutide Does Not Adversely Impact Fat-Free Mass Loss.
Grannell, A, Martin, WP, Dehestani, B, Al-Najim, W, Murphy, JC, le Roux, CW
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2021;(3):529-534
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine fat-free mass (FFM) loss between successful responders to lifestyle intervention alone compared with lifestyle intervention plus liraglutide 3.0 mg. An additional objective was to examine the effects of varying resistance training frequencies (days per week) on FFM retention. METHODS This prospective study examined patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 receiving treatment in a tertiary care obesity clinic. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) was captured at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. Exercise-related data (aerobic minutes per week and resistance training frequency) were captured at week 16. A total of 78 individuals were examined in two groups, the first with lifestyle intervention alone (n = 19) and the second with lifestyle intervention plus liraglutide 3.0 mg (n = 59). Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine between-group differences. RESULTS Compared with lifestyle intervention alone, participants on liraglutide lost more weight (-12.2 kg vs. -9.7 kg, P = 0.048) and FFM (-2.3 kg vs. -1.5 kg, P = 0.06). After controlling for weight loss, there was no difference in FFM loss between groups (0.14 kg/wk vs. -0.09 kg/wk, P = 0.12). Absolute weight loss (kilograms) was associated with FFM loss (kilograms) (ρ = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Exercise did not increase weight loss, and resistance training frequency (days per week) did not attenuate FFM loss. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide does not have effects on FFM beyond what can be expected from total weight loss. Resistance training did not attenuate FFM loss in the liraglutide or lifestyle-alone groups. To ameliorate FFM loss after liraglutide, a new strategy may be needed that may combine exercise with specific nutritional interventions.
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2.
Effects of high-intensity interval training on endothelial function, lipid profile, body composition and physical fitness in normal-weight and overweight-obese adolescents: A clinical trial.
da Silva, MR, Waclawovsky, G, Perin, L, Camboim, I, Eibel, B, Lehnen, AM
Physiology & behavior. 2020;:112728
Abstract
Endothelium-aggressive factors are associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Exercise training can either prevent or attenuate this process, but little is known about the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in adolescents. Thus, we assessed the effects of HIIT on endothelial function, lipid profile, body composition and physical fitness in normal-weight and overweight-obese adolescents. Thirty-eight participants aged 14-17 years who were physically inactive (IPAq) were divided in two groups: normal weight (NW, n = 13) and overweight-obese (OW, n = 25). Body composition, lipid profile, physical fitness and endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) were assessed before and after undergoing the study protocol consisting of 12-week HIIT (∼15 min) + sport activities (30 min, 3×/week) + no diet. The differences were tested by GEE, Bonferroni post-hoc, p < 0.05. There were no changes in body composition after training period, but the OW group showed a reduction in waist (4.8 cm; p = 0.044) and abdominal circumference (3.7 cm; p = 0.049). We found improved physical fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, explosive strength, abdominal muscle endurance and flexibility) in both groups. Lower endothelial function was found in the OW compared to NW (p = 0.042) at baseline. FMD increased (p < 0.001) in both groups from baseline (NW Δ4.1%; Cohen's effect size 0.64; OW Δ4.5%; Cohen's effect size 0.73) with no significant difference between the groups. In conclusion, a HIIT program even without any dietary changes can improve physical fitness and endothelial function among adolescents. These findings are clinically relevant because they support a reduction in endothelial damage that precedes the development of atherosclerosis.
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3.
[The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in postmenopausal women in depending on the used methodology - preliminary study].
Milewska, M, Sińska, B, Sych, D, Kucharska, A
Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego. 2015;(226):206-10
Abstract
UNLABELLED Postmenopausal period brings changes in body composition. Among the major alterations the tendency to decrease in fat free mass (FFM) and increase in the amount of fat mass (FM) are observed. Simultaneously loss of muscle mass and decline in muscle strength with the advancing age are observed. Coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity creates a new category of obesity - sarcopenic obesity (SO), which may cause numerous negative consequences. Therefore, clinicians attention should be drawn to this issue. Unfortunately clear criteria to its identification are lacking. AIM: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in postmenopausal women in depending on different definition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two postmenopausal women (Group 1) and thirty one young, healthy women (Group 2) participated in the study. Within Group 1 SO was identified, while Group 2 was used for defining to cut-off points. All participants underwent body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance. Additionally height, body weight and hand grip strength were measured. Sarcopenic obesity was defined by the combination of obesity and sarcopenia. RESULTS Using different criteria for SO identification diversified study results in the prevalence of SO were observed (21.87 to 84.37%). The highest percentage of SO persons was observed while using the Skeletal Mass Index (SMI) derived cut off score, with fat mass (FM%), the most inclusive. In contrast, the lowest number of sarcopenic obese cases were observed when FFMI based on own group cut-off point was used and in the case of using MMI derived cut-off point defined for French population. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity varied, depending on the used criteria. Due to discrepancies between the criteria of sarcopenic obesity identification, standardization of definition and muscle mass predictive equations are required. Development of reference values for Polish population should be undertaken.
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4.
Exercise, energy expenditure, and body composition in people with spinal cord injury.
Tanhoffer, RA, Tanhoffer, AI, Raymond, J, Hills, AP, Davis, GM
Journal of physical activity & health. 2014;(7):1393-400
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to verify the long-term effects of exercise on energy expenditure and body composition in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), as very little information is available on this population under free-living conditions. METHODS Free-living energy expenditure and body composition using doubly labeled water (DLW) was measured in 13 individuals with SCI, subdivided in 2 groups: (1) sedentary (SED; N = 7) and (2) regularly engaged in any exercise program, for at least 150 min·wk(-1) (EXE; N = 6). RESULTS The total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was significantly higher in the EXE group (33 ± 4.5 kcal·kg(-1)·day(-1)) if compared with SED group (27 ± 4.3 kcal·kg(-1)·day(-1)). The percentage of body fat was significantly higher in SED group than in EXE group (38 ± 6% and 28 ± 9%). CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that, despite the severity of SCI, the actual ACSM's guidelines for weight management for healthy adults exercise could significantly increase TDEE and BMR and improve body composition in individuals who regularly perform exercise. However, the EXE group still showed a high percentage of body fat, suggesting that a more specific approach might be considered (ie, increased intensity or volume, or combining with a diet program).
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5.
Differences in the metabolic status of healthy adults with and without active brown adipose tissue.
Zhang, Q, Ye, H, Miao, Q, Zhang, Z, Wang, Y, Zhu, X, Zhang, S, Zuo, C, Zhang, Z, Huang, Z, et al
Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2013;(21-22):687-95
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have proven the existence of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adults; however, its effect on systematic metabolism remains unclear. AIM: The current study was designed to investigate the differences in the metabolic profiles of healthy adults with and without active BAT using positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans in the un-stimulated state. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed to assess the health of adults using PET-CT whole-body scans at Huashan Hospital Medical Centre between November 2009 and May 2010. A total of 62 healthy adults with active BAT were enrolled in the BAT-positive group. For each positive subject, a same-gender individual who underwent PET-CT the same day and who had no detectable BAT was chosen as the negative control. Body composition was measured, and blood samples were collected for assays of metabolic profiles and other biomarkers. RESULTS In both the male and female groups, BAT-positive individuals were younger and had lower body mass indexes, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin, but a greater level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with the negative controls. In the male group, body fat content and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly lower in the BAT-positive than in the negative control group. CONCLUSIONS The healthy adults with active BAT in an un-stimulated state had favorable metabolic profiles suggesting that active BAT may be a potential target for preventing and treating obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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6.
Regional fat changes induced by localized muscle endurance resistance training.
Ramírez-Campillo, R, Andrade, DC, Campos-Jara, C, Henríquez-Olguín, C, Alvarez-Lepín, C, Izquierdo, M
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2013;(8):2219-24
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a localized muscle endurance resistance training program on total body and regional tissue composition. Seven men and 4 women (aged 23 ± 1 years) were trained with their nondominant leg during 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Each session consisted of 1 set of 960-1,200 repetitions (leg press exercise), at 10-30% 1 repetition maximum. Before and after training, body mass, bone mass, bone mineral density (BMD), lean mass, fat mass, and fat percentage were determined by dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry. Energy intakes were registered using a food recall questionnaire. At the whole-body level, body mass, bone mass, BMD, lean mass, or body fat percentage were not significantly changed. However, body fat mass significantly decreased by 5.1% (preexercise: 13.5 ± 6.3 kg; postexercise: 12.8 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.05). No significant changes in bone mass, lean mass, fat mass, or fat percentage were observed in both the control and trained leg. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in fat mass was observed in the upper extremities and trunk (10.2 and 6.9%, respectively, p < 0.05). The reduction of fat mass in the upper extremities and trunk was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the fat mass change observed in the trained leg but not in the control leg. No significant changes were observed in energy intake pre- and postexercise intervention (2,646 ± 444 kcal·d-1 and 2,677 ± 617 kcal·d-1, respectively). In conclusion, the training program was effective in reducing fat mass, but this reduction was not achieved in the trained body segment. The present results expand the limited knowledge available about the plastic heterogeneity of regional body tissues when a localized resistance training program is applied.
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7.
Effects of type 2 diabetes and insulin on whole-body, splanchnic, and leg protein metabolism.
Short, KR, Irving, BA, Basu, A, Johnson, CM, Nair, KS, Basu, R
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2012;(12):4733-41
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Abstract
CONTEXT Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance to glucose metabolism. Most studies suggest that protein metabolism is unaffected by T2D, but regional protein metabolism and response to multiple doses of insulin have not been examined. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether insulin regulation of splanchnic and leg protein metabolism are affected by T2D during hyperglycemia and graded insulin levels. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a cross-sectional study at an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS T2D and non-T2D adults were matched for age (62 yr) and body mass index (30 kg/m(2)). INTERVENTIONS Glucose was maintained at approximately 9 mmol/liter while insulin was infused at three progressively higher rates, achieving circulating concentrations of approximately 150, 350, and 700 pmol/liter, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Protein kinetics were measured using labeled phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr). RESULTS Whole-body protein breakdown and synthesis rates were higher in T2D but declined with increasing insulin in both groups. Leg Phe and Tyr appearance and disappearance and estimates of protein breakdown and synthesis, respectively, were higher in T2D but did not decline significantly with insulin, resulting in similar net balance between groups. Splanchnic response to insulin was blunted in T2D, shown by a smaller reduction in rates of disappearance and net balance of Phe and Tyr as insulin increased. Splanchnic conversion of Phe to Tyr was lower in T2D and less sensitive to insulin, whereas nonsplanchnic Phe to Tyr tended to be higher in T2D. CONCLUSIONS T2D results in higher whole-body, splanchnic, and leg protein turnover and blunts the insulin-mediated suppression of splanchnic protein anabolism under hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic conditions.
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Prospective assessment of body weight and body composition changes in patients with psoriasis receiving anti-TNF-α treatment.
Renzo, LD, Saraceno, R, Schipani, C, Rizzo, M, Bianchi, A, Noce, A, Esposito, M, Tiberti, S, Chimenti, S, DE Lorenzo, A
Dermatologic therapy. 2011;(4):446-51
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with psoriasis pathogenesis. Anti-TNF-α therapies are effective in psoriasis. A significant weight gain has been reported in patients treated with anti-TNF-α agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the body composition changes in psoriatic patients receiving anti-TNF-α therapies according with disease phenotype. Forty patients affected with psoriasis were followed up for 24 weeks and divided into two groups: psoriasis vulgaris (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Anthropometric, blood biochemical, body composition parameters, resting metabolic rate, and disease activity indexes were measured at baseline and at week 24. After 24 weeks of anti-TNF-α administration, the disease activity indexes and concentration of inflammatory markers were significantly decreased. Seventy-five percent of PsO and 60% of PsA patients had an increase in body weight. Weight changes correlated with fat mass gain in the PsO group, and with fat and lean mass gain in the PsA group. In the present study, we demonstrated that a blockage of TNF-α bioactivity is related with fat and lean mass gain in both PsO and PsA subjects. The anti-TNF-α therapies could play a key role in the cross talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, mediated by the reduction of TNF-α and interleukin-6 production.
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Role of β₂-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms on body weight and body composition response to energy restriction in obese women: preliminary results.
Ruiz, JR, Larrarte, E, Margareto, J, Ares, R, Labayen, I
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 2011;(1):212-5
Abstract
We investigated the role of common β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) rs1042714 (Gln27Glu) and rs1042713 (Arg16Gly) polymorphisms on body weight and body composition response to 12-week energy-restricted diet in women. The study comprised 78 Spanish obese (BMI: 34.0 ± 2.8 kg/m²) women (age: 36.7 ± 7 years). We measured (before and after the dietary intervention) weight and height, and BMI calculated. Moreover, body fat mass and lean mass (LM) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. We observed an interaction effect between the Gln27Glu polymorphism and diet-induced changes on body weight (P = 0.006), BMI (P = 0.004), and LM (P = 0.001). Women carrying the Glu allele had a greater reduction in body weight than non-Glu allele carriers (9.5 ± 2.9 vs. 7.0 ± 3.5%, respectively, P = 0.002). Moreover, women with the Glu allele lost more LM than the Gln27Gln group (5.9 ± 2.7 vs. 4.0 ± 2.7%, respectively, P = 0.001). We did not find any significant interaction effect between the Arg16Gly polymorphism and diet-induced changes on the outcome variables (all P > 0.1). The results suggest that the ADRB2 Gln27Glu polymorphism has a modulating effect on diet-induced changes on body weight and body composition, and should be considered in future obesity treatments. These findings should be taken as preliminary and be replicated in further energy restriction studies with larger sample sizes.
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Time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement stimulates an increase in fat-free body mass during resistance training in young untrained men.
Burk, A, Timpmann, S, Medijainen, L, Vähi, M, Oöpik, V
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2009;(6):405-13
Abstract
We hypothesized that during prolonged resistance training, time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement is of superior efficiency in comparison with the ingestion of the same supplement immediately before each training session. In a crossover study, 13 men aged 18 to 19 years were evaluated during 2 well-controlled, 8-week training and supplementation periods. In the time-focused supplementation regimen (TFR), the subjects consumed the supplement in the morning and in the afternoon, immediately before the training session. Time-divided supplementation regimen (TDR) included 1 morning dose, whereas the second dose was ingested in the evening, 5 hours after training. The daily dose of the supplement contained approximately 70 g of protein (82% casein) and less than 1 g of carbohydrate and fat. Body mass, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanned), and one-repetition maximum (1RM) for bench press and squat were determined at the beginning and at the end of both 8-week training and supplementation periods. Training produced a significant increase in 1RM strength both in the bench press (9.4% and 7.2%) and the squat exercise (10.7% and 17.8%) in the TFR and TDR, respectively, with no differences between the supplementation regimens. Fat-free mass increased from 62.4 +/- 1.2 to 63.5 +/- 1.3 kg (P = .046) with TDR, whereas no change was evident with TFR. The increase in 1RM strength in the squat exercise was related to the increase in fat-free mass in TDR (r = 0.569; P = .041). These findings may have practical implications for the timing of ingestion of protein supplements to enhance the efficacy of resistance training.