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1.
Vitamin D supplementation up-regulates IL-6 and IL-17A gene expression in multiple sclerosis patients.
Naghavi Gargari, B, Behmanesh, M, Shirvani Farsani, Z, Pahlevan Kakhki, M, Azimi, AR
International immunopharmacology. 2015;(1):414-9
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates gene expression and affects target cell functions. IL-6 and IL-17A are pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with MS pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin D effects on the expression level of IL-6 and IL-17A in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Also, we performed a correlation analysis between the gene expression and some clinical features such as serum level of vitamin D and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Significant up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-17A gene expression was shown under vitamin D treatment. Also, some gender specific correlations between the gene expression with vitamin D levels were detected in female RR-MS patients.
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2.
A Mediterranean diet rich in virgin olive oil may reverse the effects of the -174G/C IL6 gene variant on 3-year body weight change.
Razquin, C, Martinez, JA, Martinez-Gonzalez, MA, Fernández-Crehuet, J, Santos, JM, Marti, A
Molecular nutrition & food research. 2010;:S75-82
Abstract
Only a few studies have analyzed the effects of the potential interaction between the -174G/C polymorphism of IL6 gene and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) on adiposity indexes. Our aim was to investigate the interplay between the -174G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene and a Mediterranean-style diet on body weight changes after 3 years of nutritional intervention in a high cardiovascular risk population. A total of 737 participants, aged 55-80 years were assigned to a low-fat diet or to a Mediterranean-style diet group with high intake of virgin olive oil (VOO) or nuts. Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline and after 3-year follow-up. The -174G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene was genotyped. Minor allele frequency (C) was 0.39. At baseline, the CC genotype was associated with higher measures of adiposity. After 3 years, a significant interaction (p=0.028) was found between the polymorphism (GG+GC versus CC) and the nutritional intervention: CC subjects following the MD+VOO had the lowest body weight gain. In conclusion, at baseline, CC subjects for the -174G/C polymorphism of IL6 had the highest body weight and BMI. However, after 3 years of nutritional intervention with MD+VOO, these subjects were predicted to have the greatest reduction in body weight.
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3.
Effect of purple sweet potato leaves consumption on exercise-induced oxidative stress and IL-6 and HSP72 levels.
Chang, WH, Hu, SP, Huang, YF, Yeh, TS, Liu, JF
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2010;(6):1710-5
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of purple sweet potato leaves (PSPL) consumption on oxidative stress markers in a healthy, nontrained, young male population after completing a running exercise protocol. A crossover design was applied, with 15 subjects participating in a two-step dietary intervention period. Each subject was given a high- (PSPL group) or low-polyphenol (control group) diet for 7 days with a 14-day washout period. After each dietary intervention period, all subjects performed 1 h of treadmill running at a speed corresponding to 70% of each subject's individual maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)). Blood samples were taken before exercise and at 0, 1, and 3 h after exercise. Compared with the control group, PSPL consumption significantly increased plasma total polyphenols concentration and total antioxidant power (i.e., the ferric-reducing ability of plasma) in the PSPL group. The markers of oxidative damage, plasma TBARS and protein carbonyl, significantly decreased. Plasma IL-6 concentration also decreased. However, no significant difference was found in HSP72 levels between the two groups. These findings indicate that consuming a high-polyphenol diet for 7 days can modulate antioxidative status and decrease exercise-induced oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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4.
Age-related loss of associations between acute exercise-induced IL-6 and oxidative stress.
Sacheck, JM, Cannon, JG, Hamada, K, Vannier, E, Blumberg, JB, Roubenoff, R
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;(2):E340-9
Abstract
IL-6 mediates many aspects of the exercise-induced acute-phase response, including upregulation of antioxidant defenses. Moreover, IL-6 synthesis is regulated in part by oxidative stress. This investigation tested the hypothesis that an IL-6-mediated acute-phase response after exercise provides negative-feedback protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress. Healthy young (n = 16, 26.4 +/- 1.8 yr) and older men (n = 16, 71.1 +/- 2.0 yr) ran downhill for 45 min at 75% maximal oxygen consumption before and after a 12-wk period of supplementation with vitamin E (1,000 IU/day) or placebo. Circulating IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptors, peripheral mononuclear cell production of IL-6, and IL-6 transcripts in muscle were measured before and within a 72-h time window after each acute exercise bout. At all time points plasma IL-6, IL-6 bioavailability, and C-reactive protein were higher in the older men; yet in response to exercise, young and older subjects experienced similar increases in these factors. Although the magnitude of postexercise changes in acute-phase variables was independent of age, correlations among plasma, mononuclear cell, and muscle IL-6 and oxidative stress were evident only in young men (R2 = 0.64, 0.35, and 0.33, respectively). These changes in circulating IL-6 were closely associated with a prooxidant state (R2 = 0.47), whereas muscle IL-6 mRNA correlated with an antioxidant state (R2 = 0.65). Supplementation with vitamin E did not affect exercise-induced responses or differences between the young and old men in a consistent manner. Therefore, oxidative stress is linked to the acute-phase response after exercise in young men, but not in older men who had elevated acute-phase reactants, suggesting that further research is warranted to determine the basis for these differences.
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5.
Plasma interleukin-6 levels, glutathione peroxidase and isoprostane in obese women before and after weight loss. Association with cardiovascular risk factors.
Bougoulia, M, Triantos, A, Koliakos, G
Hormones (Athens, Greece). 2006;(3):192-9
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), glutathione peroxidase and isoprostane in obese women and their association with markers of cardiovascular risk factors before and after weight loss. DESIGN 36 healthy obese women of reproductive age (group A: age (mean+/-SD) 35.4+/-9.2 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 38.5+/-7 kg/m2) and 30 healthy, normal weight women (group B: age mean+/-SD 34.9+/-7.4 y., BMI 24+/-1.1 kg/m2) were included in the study. Glucose tolerance was normal in all participating women. Il-6, glutathione peroxidase and isoprostane, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), insulin, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR as well as the lipid profile were evaluated. Body weight, BMI, Waist to Hip ratio (W/H) ratio, Waist Circumference (WC), %free fat mass and the %fat mass were also measured. A hypo-caloric diet was prescribed for the obese women and all participants were re-examined after six months. RESULTS In obese women after weight loss, anthropometric obesity markers (BMI, W/H ratio), %fat, lipid profile, insulin levels and inflammation indices such as IL-6 and CRP, the oxidative stress index isoprostane, as well as glutathione peroxidase were significantly ameliorated. The levels of serum glutathione peroxidase activity were negatively correlated with IL-6 levels and were significantly increased after weight reduction. In obese women there was an association between IL-6 levels and the values of %fat, %free fat mass, insulin and HOMA-IR before and after weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss is related to reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation; this beneficial effect could possibly be translated into reduction of cardiovascular risk in obese individuals.
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6.
Increased levels of interstitial potassium but normal levels of muscle IL-6 and LDH in patients with trapezius myalgia.
Rosendal, L, Kristiansen, J, Gerdle, B, Søgaard, K, Peolsson, M, Kjær, M, Sörensen, J, Larsson, B
Pain. 2005;(1-3):201-209
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the development of work-related trapezius pain are suggested to involve both peripheral and central components, but the specific contribution of alterations in muscle nociceptive and other substances is not clear. Female patients with chronic trapezius myalgia (N=19; TM) and female controls (N=20; CON) were studied at rest, during 20 min repetitive low-force exercise and recovery, and had their interstitial concentrations of potassium (K(+)), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and collagen turnover determined in the trapezius muscle by the microdialysis technique. K(+) levels were at all time points higher in TM than in CON (P<0.0001). Baseline levels of LDH and IL-6 were similar in both groups. In response to exercise pain intensity, rated perceived exertion, and the concentrations of K(+), LDH and IL-6 increased significantly in both groups. [K(+)] immediately decreased to baseline levels in CON but remained elevated during the first 20 min of recovery in TM (P<0.01) whereafter it returned to baseline level. In all subjects taken together mean [K(+)] correlated negatively with pressure pain threshold of trapezius (P<0.001), positively with mean pain intensity VAS (P<0.001) and mean perceived exertion (P<0.001). Rises in muscle LDH and IL-6 as well as the anabolic ratio for collagen type I was not significantly different between groups. In conclusion, patients with chronic pain in the trapezius muscle had increased levels of interstitial potassium. This finding could be causally related to myalgia or secondary to pain due to deconditioned muscle or altered muscle activity pattern.
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7.
Novel -209A/G MT2A polymorphism in old patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: relationship with inflammation (IL-6) and zinc.
Giacconi, R, Cipriano, C, Muti, E, Costarelli, L, Maurizio, C, Saba, V, Gasparini, N, Malavolta, M, Mocchegiani, E
Biogerontology. 2005;(6):407-13
Abstract
Vascular complications, including ischaemic cardiomyopathy, are the major causes of death in old diabetic patients. Chronic inflammation due to high IL-6 production occurs in type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) and atherosclerosis. High levels of IL-6 are associated with hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia and provoke insulin resistance. In ageing and inflammation, IL-6 affects Metallothionein (MT) homeostasis, which in turn is involved in zinc turnover. Zinc deficiency is an usual event in ageing, inflammation, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. No genetic study exists on MT polymorphisms in NIDDM-atherosclerotic patients. The aim of the present study is to screen a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the MT2A gene in relation to inflammation (IL-6) and plasma zinc in NIDDM-atherosclerotic patients. The -209 A/G MT2A polymorphism is associated with chronic inflammation (higher plasma levels of IL-6), hyperglycaemia, enhanced HbA1c and more marked zinc deficiency in AA than AG genotype carrying patients. Analysing patients and controls subdivided in AA and AG genotypes, significant interactions existed between disease status and genotypes for glucose and zinc. AA patients are more at risk of developing NIDDM in association with atherosclerosis (p=0.0015 odds ratio=2.617) and its complications, such as ischaemic cardiomyopathy (p=0.0050 odds ratio=12.6). In conclusion, high levels of IL-6 unmask the phenotypes (higher insulin resistance and zinc deficiency) in relation to the genotypes with subsequent risk of developing ischaemic cardiomyopathy in NIDDM-atherosclerotic patients carrying AA genotype. Hence, the novel -209A/G MT2A polymorphism may be a further useful tool for the prevention, diagnosis and therapy of these combined pathologies in the elderly.
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8.
Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from eccentric exercise.
Thompson, D, Bailey, DM, Hill, J, Hurst, T, Powell, JR, Williams, C
European journal of applied physiology. 2004;(1-2):133-8
Abstract
We have previously shown that vitamin C supplementation affects recovery from an unaccustomed bout of demanding exercise, with the most pronounced effect being that on plasma interleukin-6 concentration. However, because of the proposed role of interleukin-6 in the regulation of metabolism, it was unclear whether this represented a reduced response to muscle damage or some form of interaction with the metabolic demands of the activity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the same form of supplementation on a bout of exercise that initiated similar muscle damage but had a low metabolic cost. Fourteen male subjects were allocated to either a placebo (P) or a vitamin C (VC) group. The VC group consumed 200 mg of ascorbic acid twice a day for 14 days prior to a bout of exercise and for the 3 days after exercise. The P group consumed identical capsules that contained 200 mg lactose. Subjects performed 30 min of downhill running at a gradient of -18% and recovery was monitored for up to 3 days after exercise. Plasma VC concentrations in the VC group increased following supplementation. Nevertheless, downhill running provoked a similar increase in circulating markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration) and muscle soreness in P and VC groups. Similarly, although downhill running increased plasma interleukin-6, there was no effect from VC supplementation. These results suggest that vitamin C supplementation does not affect interleukin-6 concentrations following eccentric exercise that has a low metabolic component.
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9.
Combination of serum markers related to several mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease.
Teunissen, CE, Lütjohann, D, von Bergmann, K, Verhey, F, Vreeling, F, Wauters, A, Bosmans, E, Bosma, H, van Boxtel, MP, Maes, M, et al
Neurobiology of aging. 2003;(7):893-902
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) probably involves several pathobiochemical mechanisms and this may be reflected by changes in different serum components. The present study investigated whether the combined analysis of serum molecules related to different mechanisms improves the discrimination of AD patients from healthy controls. Serum of patients with AD was analyzed for a broad spectrum of marker molecules, including 11 inflammatory proteins, 12 sterol intermediates and phytosterols, 2 brain-specific proteins and 4 constituents involved in homocysteine homeostasis. The serum molecule concentrations were combined in a logistic regression model, using a forward stepwise inclusion mode. The results showed that the combination of interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, protein alpha1 fraction, cysteine and cholesterol concentrations improved the discrimination between AD patients and healthy controls compared to the single markers. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that the complex pathology in AD is reflected in a pattern of altered serum concentrations of several marker molecules related to several pathobiochemical mechanisms.
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10.
Changes of serum albumin and C-reactive protein are related to changes of interleukin-6 release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hemodialysis patients treated with different membranes.
Memoli, B, Minutolo, R, Bisesti, V, Postiglione, L, Conti, A, Marzano, L, Capuano, A, Andreucci, M, Balletta, MM, Guida, B, et al
American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002;(2):266-73
Abstract
Protein malnutrition, a condition associated with an albumin concentration less than 3.5 g/dL, has been shown to be a major risk factor for increased mortality in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this cross-over study was to evaluate the relationship between the type of membrane adopted and serum albumin changes by measuring peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) interleukin-6 (IL-6) release, serum albumin, and plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 18 patients dialyzed with different membranes. During the study, all patients were dialyzed with cuprophan (CU), synthetically modified cellulosic (SMC) membrane (a new cellulosic membrane with lesser complement activation), and cellulose diacetate (CD) membrane, and have served as their own controls. IL-6 spontaneous release by PBMC resulted after 3 months of SMC (436.2 +/- 47.4 pg/mL) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced as compared with CU (569.3 +/- 24.5 pg/mL). This effect was more evident after 6 months of dialysis with SMC (220 +/- 35.3 pg/mL, P < 0.01 versus CU and versus 3 months of SMC). The passage to CD membrane was followed by a progressive new increase in the IL-6 PBMC release (332.3 +/- 30.7 after 3 months, and 351.2 +/- 35.8 pg/mL after 6 months, respectively) that, however, remained significantly (P < 0.05) lower than CU. The behavior of CRP plasma levels resembled that of IL-6 PBMC release (23.3 +/- 4.7 in CU, 11.0 +/- 2.1 after 3 months in SMC, and 7.9 +/- 1.5 after 6 months in SMC, respectively). IL-6 release values were positively correlated with circulating levels of CRP (r = 0.3264, P < 0.002). Serum albumin increased after 6 months of dialysis with SMC membranes (3.25 +/- 0.09 g/dL in CU and 3.64 +/- 0.07 g/dL in SMC, P < 0.05). When the patients were switched to CD, serum albumin showed a slight, though not statistically significant, decrease. Serum albumin concentrations negatively correlated with both IL-6 release values (r = -0.247, P < 0.05) and CRP plasma levels (r = -0.433, P < 0.001). In conclusion, our data clearly show that a significant relationship exists between biocompatibility of the membranes and serum albumin changes; serum albumin levels, in fact, are negatively correlated with the PBMC spontaneous IL-6 release values and CRP circulating levels.