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Study of salivary and serum vaspin and total antioxidants in anorexia nervosa.
Paszynska, E, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, M, Slopien, A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M, Dutkiewicz, A, Grzelak, T
Clinical oral investigations. 2018;(8):2837-2845
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are primarily at high risk of multiple somatic complications, including oral diseases. In recent years, a number of new molecules that may play a potentially important role in AN progress and prognosis have been identified in saliva, but their exact roles are still poorly understood. Two such group of substances are antioxidants and vaspin. The purpose of this observational, cross-sectional study was to measure both the salivary and serum total antioxidant status (TAS), and vaspin (VASP) concentrations of patients with AN in comparison to an average population. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety subjects participated (30 patients with AN, 60 matched healthy control subjects). A clinical examination was made, and blood and salivary samples were taken during the acute stage of AN (BMI < 15 kg/m2) in the first week of hospitalization. Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) suitable for measuring VASP and colorimetric assay for TAS were used. RESULTS Anorexic patients had significant reductions in salivary flow, TAS, and an elevation in VASP levels in their saliva and serum. Significant correlations between TAS, VASP, salivary flow, and nutritional status were detected. CONCLUSION Determination of TAS and VASP in combined biological material confirmed that saliva might be a reliable non-invasive source of information for potent nutritional biomarkers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that VASP cannot be excluded, as its increased concentration in saliva is an adaptive mechanism in reduced TAS, one resulting from diminished salivary secretion. It is therefore worth conducting further research aimed at recognizing the role of TAS and VASP in the saliva of underweight patients.
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Salivary alpha-amylase, secretory IgA and free cortisol as neurobiological components of the stress response in the acute phase of anorexia nervosa.
Paszynska, E, Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, M, Slopien, A
The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. 2016;(4):266-73
Abstract
Objectives One novel hypothesis of the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the possible role of mental stress in hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Two components of stress response - salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and free cortisol - have been proposed. They can be determined in saliva, which closely reflects their concentrations in plasma. The purpose of this study was to measure salivary free cortisol, sAA and their correlation to secretory IgA (sIgA) of patients with AN in comparison to the average population. Methods A controlled clinical trial was designed for a matched group of 47 AN patients and 54 healthy individuals. After clinical examination, unstimulated salivary samples were taken during the acute stage of AN (BMI < 15 kg/m(2)) in the first week of hospitalisation. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suitable for measuring sAA, sIgA and free cortisol were used. Results Anorexic patients exhibited disturbances in sAA secretion, and significantly increased cortisol and sIgA levels with a distinct correlation between these two parameters. Conclusions The behaviour of cortisol, sAA and sIgA levels can be assessed as an effect of stress reaction among AN patients with hyperactivity of the HPA axis and ANS dysregulation. The effect of stress response can be assessed reliably in saliva.
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The Null Effect of Chewing Gum During Hemodialysis on Dry Mouth.
Duruk, N, Eşer, I
Clinical nurse specialist CNS. 2016;(5):E12-23
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The study was conducted to determine the effect of chewing gum during hemodialysis on dry mouth and its symptoms. BACKGROUND The imposition of fluid restriction and the use of medications that reduce saliva production may lead to dry mouth. DESIGN This study is a randomized, controlled, single-blind, crossover experimental study. METHODS The subjects consisted of 61 hemodialysis patients recruited from 4 dialysis centers in southern Turkey. The data were collected using a Patient Identification Form, a Form for Assessing the Symptoms of Dry Mouth, and a Patient Follow-up Form. Saliva samples were obtained for analysis of flow rates. RESULTS The salivary flow rates of the patients increased during the first hour on the day when gum was chewed, and this increase was statistically significant. However, no significant difference was found between the salivary flow rates at the 0- and 4-hour time points on the day when gum was chewed (P > .05). In addition, the salivary pH values were in the normal range on both days, although the pH values tended to be more acidic on the day when gum was not chewed. CONCLUSIONS Overall, it was found that chewing gum for 15 minutes each hour during a hemodialysis session did not increase the saliva amount, maintain the pH value of the saliva within a normal range, or control dry mouth symptoms.
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Radiofrequency signal affects alpha band in resting electroencephalogram.
Ghosn, R, Yahia-Cherif, L, Hugueville, L, Ducorps, A, Lemaréchal, JD, Thuróczy, G, de Seze, R, Selmaoui, B
Journal of neurophysiology. 2015;(7):2753-9
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human resting EEG with a control of some parameters that are known to affect alpha band, such as electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, and caffeine. Eyes-open and eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded in 26 healthy young subjects under two conditions: sham exposure and real exposure in double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Spectral power of EEG rhythms was calculated for the alpha band (8-12 Hz). Saliva samples were collected before and after the study. Salivary cortisol and caffeine were assessed by ELISA and HPLC, respectively. The electrode impedance was recorded at the beginning of each run. Compared with the sham session, the exposure session showed a statistically significant (P < 0.0001) decrease of the alpha band spectral power during closed-eyes condition. This effect persisted in the postexposure session (P < 0.0001). No significant changes were detected in electrode impedance, salivary cortisol, and caffeine in the sham session compared with the exposure one. These results suggest that GSM-EMFs of a mobile phone affect the alpha band within spectral power of resting human EEG.
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Saliva versus plasma bioequivalence of rusovastatin in humans: validation of class III drugs of the salivary excretion classification system.
Idkaidek, N, Arafat, T
Drugs in R&D. 2015;(1):79-83
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Abstract
Bioequivalence of rusovastatin in healthy human volunteers was done using saliva and plasma matrices in order to investigate the robustness of using saliva instead of plasma as a surrogate for bioequivalence of class III drugs according to the salivary excretion classification system (SECS). Saliva and plasma samples were collected for 72 h after oral administration of rusovastatin 40 mg to 12 healthy humans. Saliva and plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. Analysis of variance, 90 % confidence intervals, and intra-subject and inter-subject variability values of pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using Kinetica program V5. Human effective intestinal permeability was also calculated by SimCYP program V13. Rusovastatin falls into class III (high permeability/low fraction unbound to plasma proteins) and hence was subjected to salivary excretion. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 between saliva and plasma concentrations, and a saliva/plasma concentration ratio of 0.175 were observed. The 90 % confidence limits of area under the curve (AUClast) and maximum concentration (C max) showed similar trends in both saliva and plasma. On the other hand, inter- and intra-subject variability values in saliva were higher than in plasma, leading to the need for a slightly higher number of subjects to be used in saliva studies. Non-invasive saliva sampling instead of the invasive plasma sampling method can be used as a surrogate for bioequivalence of SECS class III drugs when an adequate sample size is used.
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Mineral and trace element analysis of saliva from patients with BMS: a cross-sectional prospective controlled clinical study.
López-Jornet, P, Juan, H, Alvaro, PF
Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2014;(2):111-6
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate salivary markers related to burning mouth syndrome (BMS). STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional prospective controlled clinical study of 58 patients (28 BMS and 30 control). The presence of mineral and trace metals in unstimulated whole saliva was analyzed in BMS patients and in control subjects by means of ICP-OES. The parameters analyzed were as follows: oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-14) and the Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) scale. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure the intensity of burning sensation (pain). RESULTS The mean pain value for patients with BMS was 7.8 ± 2.4. OHIP-14 oral health-related quality of life among BMS patients was found to be affected: total BMS OHIP-14 (16.98 ± 12.29) vs. control (8.53 ± 10.5) with significant difference (P = 0.015). Concentrations of the different elements were slightly higher among BMS patients but without statistically significant differences for any of the elements analyzed (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, P, S, Al, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Be, Bi, Co, Li, Mo, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, Tl, V). CONCLUSIONS This study failed to identify abnormal levels of minerals or trace elements in saliva of patients with BMS.
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Influence of ethanol on the pharmacokinetic properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid.
Toennes, SW, Schneider, K, Wunder, C, Kauert, GF, Moeller, MR, Theunissen, EL, Ramaekers, JG
Journal of analytical toxicology. 2013;(3):152-8
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) tests aid in identifying drivers under the influence of drugs. In this study, 17 heavy cannabis users consumed alcohol to achieve steady blood alcohol concentrations of 0 to 0.7 g/L and smoked cannabis 3 h afterward. OF samples were obtained before and up to 4 h after smoking and on-site tests were performed (Dräger DrugTest 5000 and Securetec DrugWipe 5+). Maximum concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) immediately after smoking (up to 44,412 ng/g) were below 4,300 (median 377) ng/g 1 h after smoking and less than 312 (median 88) ng/g 3 h later with 5 of 49 samples negative, suggesting that recent cannabis use might occasionally not be detectable. An influence of alcohol was not observed. Drinking 300 mL variably influenced THC concentrations (median only -29.6%), which suggests that drinking does not markedly affect on-site test performance. Many (92%) Dräger tests performed 4 h after smoking were still positive, indicating sufficient sensitivity for recent cannabis use. Differences in the results of a roadside study with DrugTest 5000 (sensitivity 84.8%, specificity 96.0%, accuracy 84.3%) could be explained by a higher number of true negatives, differences between OF and serum and differences between occasional and chronic users.
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Fluoride bioavailability in saliva and plaque.
Naumova, EA, Kuehnl, P, Hertenstein, P, Markovic, L, Jordan, RA, Gaengler, P, Arnold, WH
BMC oral health. 2012;:3
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different fluoride formulations may have different effects on caries prevention. It was the aim of this clinical study to assess the fluoride content, provided by NaF compared to amine fluoride, in saliva and plaque. METHODS Eight trained volunteers brushed their teeth in the morning for 3 minutes with either NaF or amine fluoride, and saliva and 3-day-plaque-regrowth was collected at 5 time intervals during 6 hours after tooth brushing. The amount of collected saliva and plaque was measured, and the fluoride content was analysed using a fluoride sensitive electrode. All subjects repeated all study cycles 5 times, and 3 cycles per subject underwent statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Immediately after brushing the fluoride concentration in saliva increased rapidly and dropped to the baseline level after 360 minutes. No difference was found between NaF and amine fluoride. All plaque fluoride levels were elevated after 30 minutes until 120 minutes after tooth brushing, and decreasing after 360 minutes to baseline. According to the highly individual profile of fluoride in saliva and plaque, both levels of bioavailability correlated for the first 30 minutes, and the fluoride content of saliva and plaque was back to baseline after 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS Fluoride levels in saliva and plaque are interindividually highly variable. However, no significant difference in bioavailability between NaF and amine fluoride, in saliva, or in plaque was found.
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Observations on saliva osmolality during progressive dehydration and partial rehydration.
Taylor, NA, van den Heuvel, AM, Kerry, P, McGhee, S, Peoples, GE, Brown, MA, Patterson, MJ
European journal of applied physiology. 2012;(9):3227-37
Abstract
A need exists to identify dehydrated individuals under stressful settings beyond the laboratory. A predictive index based on changes in saliva osmolality has been proposed, and its efficacy and sensitivity was appraised across mass (water) losses from 1 to 7%. Twelve euhydrated males [serum osmolality: 286.1 mOsm kg(-1) H(2)O (SD 4.3)] completed three exercise- and heat-induced dehydration trials (35.6°C, 56% relative humidity): 7% dehydration (6.15 h), 3% dehydration (with 60% fluid replacement: 2.37 h), repeat 7% dehydration (5.27 h). Expectorated saliva osmolality, measured at baseline and at each 1% mass change, was used to predict instantaneous hydration state relative to mass losses of 3 and 6%. Saliva osmolality increased linearly with dehydration, although its basal osmolality and its rate of change varied among and within subjects across trials. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated a good predictive power for saliva osmolality when used with two, single-threshold cutoffs to differentiate between hydrated and dehydrated individuals (area under curve: 3% cutoff = 0.868, 6% cutoff = 0.831). However, when analysed using a double-threshold detection technique (3 and 6%), as might be used in a field-based monitor, <50% of the osmolality data could correctly identify individuals who exceeded 3% dehydration. Indeed, within the 3-6% dehydration range, its sensitivity was 64%, while beyond 6% dehydration, this fell to 42%. Therefore, while expectorated saliva osmolality tracked mass losses within individuals, its large intra- and inter-individual variability limited its predictive power and sensitivity, rendering its utility questionable within a universal dehydration monitor.
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[Sugar substitute products impact on oral fluid biochemical properties].
Tsapok, PI, Imbriakov, KV, Chuchkova, MR
Stomatologiia. 2012;(2):23-5
Abstract
Sugar substitute products impact on oral fluid protein and carbohydrate content, as well as oxidative balance were studied in 60 medical school students in compare with conventional sugar. Sugar intake proved to cause cariesogenic carbohydrate metabolism disorders in oral fluid, intensification of lipoperoxidation and decrease in antioxidation activity. Sugar substitute products help to prevent dental decay.