-
1.
A community-based multilevel intervention for smoking, physical activity and diet: short-term findings from the Community Interventions for Health programme in Hangzhou, China.
Lv, J, Liu, QM, Ren, YJ, He, PP, Wang, SF, Gao, F, Li, LM, ,
Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2014;(4):333-9
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the short-term impact of a comprehensive, community-based multilevel intervention on knowledge, beliefs and practices with respect to smoking, physical activity and diet in Hangzhou, China. METHODS A non-randomised, controlled, before-after quasi-experimental trial was conducted in two intervention areas and one comparison area. The intervention built on a socioecological framework and took place across four settings: neighbourhoods, schools, workplaces and community health centres. Two independent cross-sectional surveys of adults aged 18-64 years at baseline and a subsequent follow-up were conducted in 2008/2009 and 2011 in the intervention and comparison areas. A 2-year intervention programme was begun in mid-2009 and continued until mid-2011. RESULTS A total of 2016 adults at baseline and 2016 adults at follow-up completed the survey. Over the 2-year intervention period, the intervention areas showed a statistically significant decline (25.2% vs 18.7%, p<0.001) in the prevalence of smoking compared with the comparison area (18.0% vs 16.4%, p=0.343). The proportion of individuals who had noticed anyone smoking in any of nine locations in the previous 30 days demonstrated a statistically significant decline in the intervention (78.9% vs 66.5%, p<0.001) and comparison (76.3% vs 66.5%, p<0.001) areas. The fruit and vegetable consumption score increased in a statistically significant manner in the intervention (24.84 vs 25.97, p=0.036) and comparison (24.25 vs 26.67, p<0.001) areas. The metabolic equivalent of physical activity increased from 1204 to 1386 (p=0.023) in the intervention areas compared with 918 to 924 in the comparison area (p=0.201). CONCLUSIONS After a 2-year intervention, beneficial changes were noted in the intervention areas with respect to smoking and physical activity but not diet. A community-based multilevel intervention programme is feasible in urban China.
-
2.
[Assessment of lipid profile in non-smoking and smoking young health persons].
Śliwińska-Mossoń, M, Mihułka, E, Milnerowicz, H
Przeglad lekarski. 2014;(11):585-7
Abstract
The coexistence of hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia constitutes combination of factors, which in adulthood and old can generate atherosclerotic-dependent disease entities. Cigarette smoking, which is considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, may lead to changes in normal plasma lipid profile. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on lipid parameters and the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in young healthy persons. The study population consisted of 57 healthy volunteers aged 19-26 years. They were qualified to planned analyzes based on research conducted by primary care clinicians. The study population was divided into smokers and non-smokers on the basis of determining the concentration of cotinine (ELISA method). It has been shown that concentrations of lipid profile parameters in the study groups remained within the reference ranges, however, in the group of smoking healthy persons were higher as compared with non-smoking healthy persons, except HDL cholesterol. It has been demonstrated 1.5 times higher concentration of LDL cholesterol in the serum of smokers (112.8 ± 37.9 mg/dl) when compared to non-smoking subjects (77.6 ± 43.7 mg/dl, p=0.006). There was a significant difference between the mean value in the group of triglycerides of healthy non-smokers (72.9 ± 24.1 mg/dl) and the average value of those in smokers (93.9 ± 40.3 mg/dl, p=0.034). There was a significant difference between the mean value of the concentration of lipid peroxidation products reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) in the non-smoking healthy persons (0.5 ± 0.3 mmol/l), and the mean value of TBARS in the group of smoking persons (0.8 ± 0.6 mmol/l, p=0.019). The results show that cigarette smoking may be an important factor in potential changes in lipid profile already in young healthy people, which in the future may result in the onset of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
-
3.
Factors related with adiponectinemia in obese and normal-weight women and with its variation in weight loss programs.
Silva-Nunes, J, Oliveira, A, Duarte, L, Barradas, M, Melão, A, Brito, M, Veiga, L
Obesity facts. 2013;(2):124-33
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess different factors influencing adiponectinemia in obese and normal-weight women; to identify factors associated with the variation (Δ) in adiponectinemia in obese women following a 6-month weight loss program, according to surgical/non-surgical interventions. METHODS We studied 100 normal-weight women and 112 obese premenopausal women; none of them was on any medical treatment. Women were characterized for anthropometrics, daily macronutrient intake, smoking status, contraceptives use, adiponectin as well as IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations. RESULTS Adiponectinemia was lower in obese women (p < 0.001), revealing an inverse association with waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.001; r = -0.335). Normal-weight women presented lower adiponectinemia among smokers (p = 0.041); body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, TNF-α levels, carbohydrate intake, and smoking all influence adiponectinemia (r(2) = 0.436). After weight loss interventions, a significant modification in macronutrient intake occurs followed by anthropometrics decrease (chiefly after bariatric procedures) and adiponectinemia increase (similar after surgical and non-surgical interventions). After bariatric intervention, Δ adiponectinemia was inversely correlated to Δ waist circumference and Δ carbohydrate intake (r(2) = 0.706). CONCLUSION Anthropometrics, diet, smoking, and TNF-α levels all influence adiponectinemia in normal-weight women, although explaining less than 50% of it. In obese women, anthropometrics modestly explain adiponectinemia. Opposite to non-surgical interventions, after bariatric surgery adiponectinemia increase is largely explained by diet composition and anthropometric changes.
-
4.
[Effect of cigarette smoking on blood lead levels in pregnant women].
Chełchowska, M, Jabłonka-Salach, K, Ambroszkiewicz, J, Maciejewski, T, Gajewska, J, Bulska, E, Laskowska-Klita, T, Leibschang, J, Barciszewski, J
Medycyna wieku rozwojowego. 2012;(3):196-204
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tobacco smoking creates health problems which apply not only to individuals and the family but also to different ages and social groups, as well as the national economy. Epidemiologic studies conducted at the Institute of Mother and Child indicated that in Poland 25-30% women smoke during pregnancy. Lead exposure from cigarette smoke may have a negative effect on the transplacental flow of micronutrients and have an adverse influence on the growth and development of the fetus, and then on children. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of smoking cigarettes on plasma and whole blood lead levels in pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty healthy pregnant women, patients of the Clinical Department of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Mother and Child and Warsaw Medical University, were divided into two groups: group I - tobacco smokers and group II- tobacco abstainers according to questionnaire declaration and serum cotinine concentration. Current smokers were defined as those who had smoked 5 cigarettes per day for 2 years before conception and continued smoking during pregnancy. The women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (smoking spouse or other family members, co-workers) were excluded from the non-smoking group. All pregnant volunteers signed a written, informed consent form, approved by the Institute's Ethical Committee. The concentrations of lead in plasma and whole blood were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on spectrometer analyzer ICP MS Elan 6100 (Perking Elmer, Germany). Levels of cotinine in serum were determined by Cotinine Direct ELISA test (Calbiotech Inc. Canada). RESULTS In the group of smoking mothers the mean serum cotinine concentration was 69.1 μg/L, whereas in the group of tobacco abstainers it was present only in trace amount. In group I we observed a significant positive correlation between serum cotinine and the number of cigarettes smoked daily (r=0.74; p<0.001), as well as the period of smoking before conception (r=0.60; p<0.001). The concentrations of lead in the plasma of smoking women were significantly higher than in the group of tobacco abstainers in each trimester of pregnancy (I trimester: 0.22 μg/dL vs 0.12 μg/dL p<0.01; II trimester: 0.19 μg/L vs 0.10 μg/L p<0.001; III trimester 0.28 μg/ dL vs 0.13 μg/dL p<0.0001). Tobacco smoking mothers also had a higher concentration of lead in whole blood as compared to pregnant non-smoking women. These differences were statistically significant and amounted to 2.15 μg/dL vs 1.28 μg/L in the first, 1.99 μg/dL vs 1.19 μg/dL in the second and 2.11 μg/dL vs 1.58 μg/dL in the third trimester of pregnancy. We observed that the level of lead was correlated with cotinine in blood, as well as with the number of cigarettes and the length of time women smoked before conception. Such an effect was observed in every trimester of gestation. A strong correlation between the number of cigarettes/day and lead concentration in plasma (r=0.57; p<0.001) and whole blood (r=0.54; p<0.001) was found in the third trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking during pregnancy increased the concentrations in maternal blood lead. The level of lead in plasma and whole blood correlated with the degree of intensity of cigarette smoking in the pregnant women studied. It may be a result of influencing the mobilization of calcium from the bone with simultaneous release of lead deposited in the bone. Further studies are required to characterize the effect of higher lead level in the blood of mothers on the risk of premature labor, low birth weight of newborns and their inferior development.
-
5.
Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in water-pipe and cigarette smokers.
Theron, A, Schultz, C, Ker, JA, Falzone, N
South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde. 2010;(2):122-4
Abstract
UNLABELLED Water-pipe smoking is growing in popularity, especially among young people, because of the social nature of the smoking session and the assumption that the effects are less harmful than those of cigarette smoking. It has however been shown that a single water-pipe smoking session produces a 24-hour urinary cotinine level equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. AIM: We aimed to measure carboxyhaemoglogin (COHb) blood levels before and after water-pipe and cigarette smoking sessions. METHOD Self-confessed smokers older than 18 years (N=30) volunteered to smoke a water-pipe or a cigarette and have their blood COHb levels measured under controlled conditions. RESULTS Mean baseline COHb levels were 2.9% for the 15 cigarette smokers and 1.0% for the 15 water-pipe smokers. Levels increased by a mean of 481.7% in water-pipe smokers as opposed to 39.9% in cigarette smokers. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that water-pipe smokers had significantly higher increases in blood COHb levels than cigarette smokers during a single smoking session.
-
6.
Evidence for endogenous formation of N'-nitrosonornicotine in some long-term nicotine patch users.
Stepanov, I, Carmella, SG, Han, S, Pinto, A, Strasser, AA, Lerman, C, Hecht, SS
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2009;(1):99-105
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitrosation of nicotine or its metabolites in the human body could lead to formation of the 2 carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines-N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). METHODS We investigated the possibility of endogenous formation of NNN in people who had stopped smoking and used the 21-mg nicotine patch for 6 months. We quantified urinary biomarkers of exposure to NNN-the sum of NNN and its pyridine-N-glucuronide, referred to as total NNN. Also measured were NNK metabolites-the sum of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its N- and O-glucuronides, referred to as total NNAL. RESULTS The average decline of urinary total NNN was less drastic than that of total NNAL 22% of baseline total NNN and 7.3% of baseline total NNAL were detected in urine 24 weeks after smoking cessation and patch use (p = .02). The average ratio of total NNN to total NNAL in the same urine samples increased from 0.14 in baseline urine to 0.38 after 24 weeks of nicotine patch use. DISCUSSION Overall, these results demonstrate that endogenous formation of NNN may occur in nicotine patch users. However, the levels of urinary total NNN during patch use were generally extremely low. Moreover, in 10 of 20 subjects analyzed here, the rate of decline in total NNN was similar to that in total NNAL, indicating that endogenous formation of NNN is virtually nonexistent in these subjects. Supplementation with ascorbic acid could be a simple approach to block possible NNN formation in nicotine patch users.
-
7.
Single photon emission computed tomography experience with (S)-5-[(123)I]iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine in the living human brain of smokers and nonsmokers.
Brasić, JR, Zhou, Y, Musachio, JL, Hilton, J, Fan, H, Crabb, A, Endres, CJ, Reinhardt, MJ, Dogan, AS, Alexander, M, et al
Synapse (New York, N.Y.). 2009;(4):339-58
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
(S)-5-[(123)I]iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5-[(123)I]IA), a novel potent radioligand for high-affinity alpha4beta2* neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), provides a means to evaluate the density and the distribution of nAChRs in the living human brain. We sought in healthy adult smokers and nonsmokers to (1) evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of 5-[(123)I]IA in an open nonblind trial and (2) to estimate the density and the distribution of alpha(4)beta(2)* nAChRs in the brain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed for 5 h after the i.v. administration of approximately 0.001 microg/kg ( approximately 10 mCi) 5-[(123)I]IA. Blood pressure, heart rate, and neurobehavioral status were monitored before, during, and after the administration of 5-[(123)I]IA to 12 healthy adults (8 men and 4 women) (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) ranging in age from 19 to 46 years (mean = 28.25, standard deviation = 8.20). High plasma-nicotine level was significantly associated with low 5-[(123)I]IA binding in: (1) the caudate head, the cerebellum, the cortex, and the putamen, utilizing both the Sign and Mann-Whitney U-tests; (2) the fusiform gyrus, the hippocampus, the parahippocampus, and the pons utilizing the Mann-Whitney U-test; and (3) the thalamus utilizing the Sign test. We conclude that 5-[(123)I]IA is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective pharmacologic agent for human subjects to estimate high-affinity alpha4/beta2 nAChRs in the living human brain.
-
8.
Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine.
Backman, JT, Schröder, MT, Neuvonen, PJ
European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2008;(1):17-24
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of gender and smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 substrate tizanidine. METHODS Seventy-one healthy young volunteers (male and female nonsmokers, male smokers) ingested 4 mg tizanidine. Plasma concentrations and pharmacodynamics of tizanidine were measured, and a caffeine test was performed. RESULTS Among nonsmokers, the peak concentration (C(max)) and area under concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity [AUC(0-infinity)] of tizanidine did not differ significantly between females and males. However, the half-life (t(1/2)) was 9% shorter in female nonsmokers than in male nonsmokers (P < 0.05). In male smokers, the t(1/2) was 10% shorter and the weight-adjusted AUC(0-infinity) 33% smaller than in male nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The caffeine/paraxanthine ratio was 35-40% smaller (P = 0.001) in male smokers than in nonsmoking males or females, but did not differ between males and females. Tizanidine lowered blood pressure and caused drowsiness significantly (P < 0.05) more in females than in either male groups. The effects on blood pressure were smallest in male smokers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Gender by itself seems to have no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of tizanidine, whereas smoking reduces plasma concentrations and effects of tizanidine. Any possible effect of gender and smoking is largely outweighed by individual variability in CYP1A2 activity due to genetic and environmental factors and in body weight. Careful dosing of tizanidine is warranted in small females, whereas male smokers can require higher than average doses.
-
9.
[The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on concentration of pro-hepcidin and some parameters of iron metabolism in matched-maternal cord pairs].
Chełchowska, M, Lewandowski, L, Ambroszkiewicz, J, Swiatek, E, Gajewska, J, Ołtarzewski, M, Laskowska-Klita, T
Przeglad lekarski. 2008;(10):474-8
Abstract
Iron deficiency relatively observed in pregnant women is assumed to be enhanced by cigarette smoking. Hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced by the liver as pro-hepcidin, has recently emerged as a central mediator of iron metabolism. Hepcidin regulates intestinal iron absorption, macrophage iron release, and the placental passage of iron. Maternal smoking is associated with increased fetal iron requirements and stimulates fetal erythropoiesis. This is probably through a hypoxic effect on the fetus, and is dose related to the maternal smoking level. It is known that anemia and hypoxia suppress hepcidine mRNA expression. Therefore the aim of the study was to estimate the effect of tobacco smoking on serum pro-hepcidin levels and some iron parameters in pregnant women and umbilical cord blood. We also studied correlation between pro-hepcidin and others iron markers in mothers and their newborns. Healthy, pregnant women (n = 50), patients of Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Mother and Child were divided into groups nonsmoking and smoking according to questionnaire declaration. Serum concentrations of pro-hepcidin were determined by immunoenzymathic method using a commercial pro-hepcidin assay (DRG, Germany). Levels of ferritin and transferrin were measured by immunoturbidimetric method and iron by photometric test with ferrozine using HORIBA ABX kits (France) and Cobas Mira analyser (Roche, Switzerland). Levels of hemoglobin and hematocrite were determined using commercially available kits on Pentra 60 analyser (ABX, France). We observed that the mean concentration of pro-hepcidin in serum of smoking pregnant women was statistically lower than in tobacco abstinent (101.9 +/- 28.6 ng/ml vs 88.3 +/- 18.2 ng/ml; p < 0.01). Levels of others studied iron markers were similar in both group except total iron concentration, which was 20% lower in smoking mothers than in nonsmoking ones. In umbilical cord blood of infants born to smoking women level of pro-hepcidin was significantly lower than in tobacco abstinent (54.2 +/- 14.0 ng/ml vs 76.8 +/- 21.4 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). We observed positive correlation between concentrations of that prohormone in serum of mothers and cord blood of their newborns in nonsmoking group (r = 0.54; p < 0.02) as well as in smoking ones (r = 0.68; p < 0.05). In addition, concentrations of ferritin, transferin and total iron were lower by 30%, 13% and 20% respectively in cord blood of smoking than nonsmoking group. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Our analysis revealed no correlation between serum pro-hepcidin levels and other studied parameters of iron status both in the mothers and children groups. Our results indicate that tobacco smoking during pregnancy affected pro-hepcidine levels in serum of mothers and their newborns. Low concentrations of some iron markers in umbilical cord blood suggest that mother's smoking could lead to subclinical iron deficiency in fetus. No anemia were observed in both studied groups of mothers that could explain no relationships between pro-hepcidin and others parameters of iron status.
-
10.
Effects of cigarette smoking and family history of alcoholism on sweet taste perception and food cravings in women.
Pepino, MY, Mennella, JA
Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. 2007;(11):1891-9
-
-
Free full text
-
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite popular beliefs that smoking affects the sensitivity and liking of sweet-tasting foods and beverages, few psychophysical studies have examined this phenomenon and none have taken into account the individual's family history of alcoholism (FH+), a predictor of heightened sweet preferences. METHODS A within- and between-subjects study was conducted to determine the effect of both cigarette smoking and an acute exposure to nicotine on sweet taste sensitivity and preferences in women. Two groups were studied on 2 days separated by 1 week: women who were current smokers (n = 27, 18 were FH+) and those who never smoked in their lifetime (n = 22, 9 were FH+). Current smokers smoked nicotine-containing cigarettes during 1 test session and nicotine-free cigarettes during the other. The procedures were identical during both test sessions for the group of never smokers, with the exception that they did not smoke. Two-alternative staircase methods and forced-choice tracking procedures were used to assess sucrose thresholds and preferences, respectively, during both test session. Standardized questionnaires were administered to assess food cravings as well as smoking and alcohol usage and dependence. The Family Interview for Genetic Studies was used to detect alcoholism according to the DSM III criteria for family members up to second-degree relatives. RESULTS Acute exposure to nicotine did not affect sucrose detection thresholds or preferences, but smokers had significantly higher sucrose detection thresholds than never smokers. The greater the smoking dose in pack-years, the lower the sucrose sensitivity. Regardless of smoking status, women who were FH+ preferred significantly higher sucrose concentrations and craved sweets more often than women who were not. CONCLUSIONS Both smoking and having a family history of alcoholism had differential effects on sweet taste. Smoking was associated with decreased sweet taste sensitivity whereas having a family history of alcoholism was associated with heightened sweet preferences. These findings suggests that future research on the effects of smoking on food habits and cravings should take into account family history of alcoholism given its association with sweet liking and the increased likelihood to develop a tobacco disorder.