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Downhill hiking improves low-grade inflammation, triglycerides, body weight and glucose tolerance.
Drexel, H, Mader, A, Saely, CH, Tautermann, G, Dopheide, JF, Vonbank, A
Scientific reports. 2021;(1):14503
Abstract
Exercise is a well-established tool for cardiovascular risk reduction. Particularly eccentric exercise, which essentially means walking downwards could favour more people becoming physically active. With the present controlled study, we tested the hypothesis that eccentric exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, triglyceride handling, body mass index, glucose tolerance and inflammation. We allocated 127 healthy sedentary individuals to one of two groups: (i) an active group of 102 individuals walking downwards a predefined route three to five times per week over two months, covering a difference in altitude of 540 m; for the upward route a cable car was used, for which adherence was recorded electronically and (ii) a matched control group of 25 individuals who stayed sedentary. Fasting and postprandial metabolic profiles were obtained at baseline and after two months. Compared to baseline, eccentric exercise significantly improved HOMA insulin resistance (1.94 ± 1.65 vs. 1.71 ± 1.36 (µU-1 ml) × ((mmol/l)-122.5); p = 0.038) and resulted in a decrease in fasting glucose (97 ± 15 vs. 94 ± 9 mg dl-1; p = 0.025) and glucose tolerance (238 ± 50 vs. 217 ± 47 mg dl-1 h-1; p < 0.001), whereas these parameters did not change significantly in the control group. Eccentric exercise significantly improved triglyceride tolerance (1923 ± 1295 vs. 1670 ± 1085 mg dl-1 h-1; p = 0.003), whereas triglyceride tolerance remained unchanged in the control group (p = 0.819). Furthermore, body mass index (27.7 ± 4.3 vs. 27.4 ± 4.3 kg m-2; p = 0.003) and C-reactive protein (0.27 ± 0.42 vs. 0.23 ± 0.25 mg dl-1; p = 0.031) were significantly lowered in the eccentric exercise group but not in the control group. Downhill walking, a type of exercise is a promising unusual exercise modality with favorable effects on body mass index, insulin action, on postprandial glucose and triglyceride handling and on C-reactive protein.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00386854.
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Effects of Evening-Only Low-Carbohydrate Meal on Healthy Volunteers.
Yaegashi, A, Suzuki, J
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2020;(3):229-236
Abstract
We performed a pre/post-interventional study with participants as self-controls to evaluate the effects of consuming an evening-only low-carbohydrate meal (LCM) at 1800 h on biochemical measures of glucose and lipid metabolism. Study participants comprised 14 healthy men (age range, 20-29 y) who, consumed standard test meals (STMs) or LCM at 1800 h. Blood samples were collected at fasting, and at 60-, 120-, and 240 min after the start of the meals. The 60-min postprandial levels and the area under the curve (AUC) 0-120 min for plasma glucose were significantly lower after the LCM than after the STMs. The 60- and 120-min postprandial levels and the AUC 0-240 min for plasma insulin were significantly lower after the LCM than after the STMs (p<0.01). Postprandial triglyceride (TG) levels at 120- and 240 min and the AUC 0-240 min were significantly higher after the LCM than after the STMs (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.05, respectively). The interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher 240 min after the STMs than before the meals (p<0.05), but not after the LCM. In these healthy volunteers, consuming an LCM at 1800 h suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin secretion; however, postprandial TG increased. Consuming an LCM at 1800 h was beneficial as it inhibited elevation of blood glucose; however, it may also increase the risk of arteriosclerosis through increasing TG levels.
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Statin-induced expression change of INSIG1 in lymphoblastoid cell lines correlates with plasma triglyceride statin response in a sex-specific manner.
Theusch, E, Kim, K, Stevens, K, Smith, JD, Chen, YI, Rotter, JI, Nickerson, DA, Medina, MW
The pharmacogenomics journal. 2017;(3):222-229
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Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed to lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. They also modestly reduce plasma triglyceride (TG), an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor, in most people. The mechanism and inter-individual variability of TG statin response is poorly understood. We measured statin-induced gene expression changes in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 150 participants of a simvastatin clinical trial and identified 23 genes (false discovery rate, FDR=15%) with expression changes correlated with plasma TG response. The correlation of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) expression changes with TG response (rho=0.32, q=0.11) was driven by men (interaction P=0.0055). rs73161338 was associated with INSIG1 expression changes (P=5.4 × 10-5) and TG response in two statin clinical trials (P=0.0048), predominantly in men. A combined model including INSIG1 expression level and splicing changes accounted for 29.5% of plasma TG statin response variance in men (P=5.6 × 10-6). Our results suggest that INSIG1 variation may contribute to statin-induced changes in plasma TG in a sex-specific manner.
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Paleolithic nutrition improves plasma lipid concentrations of hypercholesterolemic adults to a greater extent than traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations.
Pastore, RL, Brooks, JT, Carbone, JW
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2015;(6):474-9
Abstract
Recent research suggests that traditional grain-based heart-healthy diet recommendations, which replace dietary saturated fat with carbohydrate and reduce total fat intake, may result in unfavorable plasma lipid ratios, with reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and an elevation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triacylglycerols (TG). The current study tested the hypothesis that a grain-free Paleolithic diet would induce weight loss and improve plasma total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG concentrations in nondiabetic adults with hyperlipidemia to a greater extent than a grain-based heart-healthy diet, based on the recommendations of the American Heart Association. Twenty volunteers (10 male and 10 female) aged 40 to 62 years were selected based on diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia. Volunteers were not taking any cholesterol-lowering medications and adhered to a traditional heart-healthy diet for 4 months, followed by a Paleolithic diet for 4 months. Regression analysis was used to determine whether change in body weight contributed to observed changes in plasma lipid concentrations. Differences in dietary intakes and plasma lipid measures were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Four months of Paleolithic nutrition significantly lowered (P < .001) mean total cholesterol, LDL, and TG and increased (P < .001) HDL, independent of changes in body weight, relative to both baseline and the traditional heart-healthy diet. Paleolithic nutrition offers promising potential for nutritional management of hyperlipidemia in adults whose lipid profiles have not improved after following more traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations.
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Comparative effects of intraduodenal protein and lipid on ghrelin, peptide YY, and leptin release in healthy men.
Ullrich, SS, Otto, B, Hutchison, AT, Luscombe-Marsh, ND, Horowitz, M, Feinle-Bisset, C
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2015;(4):R300-4
Abstract
Intraduodenal infusion of lipid or protein potently reduces subsequent energy intake. There is evidence that the underlying mechanisms differ significantly between the two nutrients. While intraduodenal lipid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 and CCK much more than protein, the release of insulin and glucagon is substantially greater in response to protein. Ghrelin and PYY are both involved in short-term regulation, while leptin is a long-term regulator, of energy balance; the acute effects of nutrients on leptin release are unclear. We investigated the comparative effects of intraduodenal lipid and protein on plasma ghrelin, PYY, and leptin concentrations. Thirteen lean, young men received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of protein (whey hydrolysate) or lipid (long-chain triglyceride emulsion) at a rate of 3 kcal/min, or saline control, on three separate days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and regularly during infusions. Both lipid and protein potently suppressed plasma ghrelin compared with control (both P < 0.001), with no difference between them. While both lipid and protein stimulated plasma PYY (P < 0.001), the effect of lipid was substantially greater than that of protein (P < 0.001). Neither intraduodenal lipid nor protein affected plasma leptin. In conclusion, intraduodenal lipid and protein have discrepant effects on the release of PYY, but not ghrelin. When considered with our previous findings, it appears that, with the exception of ghrelin, the energy intake-suppressant effects of lipid and protein are mediated by different mechanisms.
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Effect of 1-h moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention.
Ipavec-Levasseur, S, Croci, I, Choquette, S, Byrne, NM, Cowin, G, O'Moore-Sullivan, TM, Prins, JB, Hickman, IJ
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2015;(12):1262-8
Abstract
Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) are depleted in response to an acute bout of exercise in lean endurance-trained individuals; however, it is unclear whether changes in IMCL content are also seen in response to acute and chronic exercise in obese individuals. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 18 obese men and 5 normal-weight controls to assess IMCL content before and after an hour of cycling at the intensity corresponding with each participant's maximal whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fatmax). Fatmax was determined via indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The same outcome measures were reassessed in the obese group after a 16-week lifestyle intervention comprising dietary calorie restriction and exercise training. At baseline, IMCL content decreased in response to 1 h of cycling at Fatmax in controls (2.8 ± 0.4 to 2.0 ± 0.3 A.U., -39%, p = 0.02), but not in obese (5.4 ± 2.1 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 A.U., p = 0.42). The lifestyle intervention lead to weight loss (-10.0 ± 5.4 kg, p < 0.001), improvements in maximal aerobic power (+5.2 ± 3.4 mL/(kg·min)), maximal fat oxidation rate (+0.19 ± 0.22 g/min), and a 29% decrease in homeostasis model assessment score (all p < 0.05). However, when the 1 h of cycling at Fatmax was repeated after the lifestyle intervention, there remained no observable change in IMCL (4.6 ± 1.8 vs. 4.6 ± 1.9 A.U., p = 0.92). In summary, there was no IMCL depletion in response to 1 h of cycling at moderate intensity either before or after the lifestyle intervention in obese men. An effective lifestyle intervention including moderate-intensity exercise training did not impact rate of utilisation of IMCL during acute exercise in obese men.
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Hypertriglyceridemia influences the degree of postprandial lipemic response in patients with metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease: from the CORDIOPREV study.
Alcala-Diaz, JF, Delgado-Lista, J, Perez-Martinez, P, Garcia-Rios, A, Marin, C, Quintana-Navarro, GM, Gomez-Luna, P, Camargo, A, Almaden, Y, Caballero, J, et al
PloS one. 2014;(5):e96297
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether metabolic syndrome traits influence the postprandial lipemia response of coronary patients, and whether this influence depends on the number of MetS criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1002 coronary artery disease patients from the CORDIOPREV study were submitted to an oral fat load test meal with 0.7 g fat/kg body weight (12% saturated fatty acids, 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids, 43% monounsaturated fatty acids), 10% protein and 25% carbohydrates. Serial blood test analyzing lipid fractions were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours during the postprandial state. Total and incremental area under the curves of the different postprandial parameters were calculated following the trapezoid rule to assess the magnitude of change during the postprandial state. RESULTS Postprandial lipemia response was directly related to the presence of metabolic syndrome. We found a positive association between the number of metabolic syndrome criteria and the response of postprandial plasma triglycerides (p<0.001), area under the curve of triglycerides (p<0.001) and incremental area under the curve of triglycerides (p<0.001). However, the influence of them on postprandial triglycerides remained statistically significant only in those patients without basal hypertriglyceridemia. Interestingly, in stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with the AUC of triglycerides as the dependent variable, only fasting triglycerides, fasting glucose and waist circumference appeared as significant independent (P<0.05) contributors. The multiple lineal regression (R) was 0.77, and fasting triglycerides showed the greatest effect on AUC of triglycerides with a standardized coefficient of 0.75. CONCLUSIONS Fasting triglycerides are the major contributors to the postprandial triglycerides levels. MetS influences the postprandial response of lipids in patients with coronary heart disease, particularly in non-hypertriglyceridemic patients.
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Exercise energy expenditure and postprandial lipemia in girls.
Tolfrey, K, Engstrom, A, Murphy, C, Thackray, A, Weaver, R, Barrett, LA
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2014;(2):239-46
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of 30 and 60 min of moderate-intensity treadmill walking on postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in healthy girls. METHODS Eighteen 10- to 14-yr-old girls (mean ± SD; body mass = 48 ± 11 kg, body fat = 19.0 ± 4.6%, peak oxygen uptake [V˙O2] = 47 ± 6 mL·kg·min) completed three 2-d trials in a counterbalanced crossover design, each separated by 14 d. On day 1, they rested (CON) or completed 30 min (EX30) or 60 min (EX60) of intermittent treadmill exercise at 56% peak V˙O2, inducing energy expenditures of 777 and 1536 kJ (186 and 367 kcal), respectively. On day 2, after a 12-h fast, a capillary blood sample was taken for fasting [TAG] before a high-fat milkshake (80 kJ·kg(-1) body mass) was consumed. Further blood samples were taken hourly over a 6-h postprandial rest period for [TAG]. ANOVA and Student's t-tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Fasting [TAG] was lower in EX60 than CON (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.36 to 0.04, effect size (ES) = 0.41) and EX30 (95% CI = -0.47 to 0.04, ES = 0.46); all group mean concentrations were low (≤ 0.90 mmol·L(-1)). The main effect for condition revealed differences in postprandial [TAG] over time (ES = 0.36). The EX60 total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was lower than CON (95% CI = -2.66 to -0.04, ES 0.40) and EX30 (95% CI = -2.11 to 0.15, ES = 0.30); CON and EX30 were similar (95% CI = -1.44 to 0.71, ES = 0.10). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that 60 min but not 30 min of moderate treadmill exercise, with a gross energy expenditure of 1536 kJ (367 kcal), attenuated postprandial [TAG] in girls.
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APOE genotype influences triglyceride and C-reactive protein responses to altered dietary fat intake in UK adults.
Carvalho-Wells, AL, Jackson, KG, Lockyer, S, Lovegrove, JA, Minihane, AM
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2012;(6):1447-53
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The response of plasma lipids to dietary fat manipulation is highly heterogeneous, with some indications that APOE genotype may be important. OBJECTIVE The objective was to use a prospective recruitment approach to determine the effect of dietary fat quantity and composition on both lipid and nonlipid cardiovascular disease biomarkers according to APOE genotype. DESIGN Participants had a mean (±SD) age of 51 ± 9 y and a BMI (in kg/m²) of 26.0 ± 3.8 (n = 44 E3/E3, n = 44 E3/E4) and followed a sequential dietary intervention (the SATgenε study) in which they were assigned to a low-fat diet, a high-fat high-SFA (HSF) diet, and the HSF diet with 3.45 g DHA/d (HSF-DHA), each for 8 wk. Fasting blood samples were collected at the end of each intervention arm. RESULTS An overall diet effect was evident for all cholesterol fractions (P < 0.01), with no significant genotype × diet interactions observed. A genotype × diet interaction (P = 0.033) was evident for plasma triglycerides, with 17% and 30% decreases in APOE3/E3 and APOE3/E4 individuals after the HSF-DHA diet relative to the low-fat diet. A significant genotype × diet interaction (P = 0.009) was also observed for C-reactive protein (CRP), with only significant increases in concentrations after the HSF and HSF-DHA diets relative to the low-fat diet in the APOE3/E4 group (P < 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Relative to the wild-type APOE3/E3 group, our results indicate a greater sensitivity of fasting triglycerides and CRP to dietary fat manipulation in those with an APOE3/E4 genotype (25% population), with no effect of this allelic profile on cholesterol concentrations.
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Short-term weight loss and hepatic triglyceride reduction: evidence of a metabolic advantage with dietary carbohydrate restriction.
Browning, JD, Baker, JA, Rogers, T, Davis, J, Satapati, S, Burgess, SC
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;(5):1048-52
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have excess intrahepatic triglycerides. This is due, in part, to increased hepatic synthesis of fat from carbohydrates via lipogenesis. Although weight loss is currently recommended to treat NAFLD, little attention has been given to dietary carbohydrate restriction. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 2 wk of dietary carbohydrate and calorie restriction at reducing hepatic triglycerides in subjects with NAFLD. DESIGN Eighteen NAFLD subjects (n = 5 men and 13 women) with a mean (±SD) age of 45 ± 12 y and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 35 ± 7 consumed a carbohydrate-restricted (<20 g/d) or calorie-restricted (1200-1500 kcal/d) diet for 2 wk. Hepatic triglycerides were measured before and after intervention by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Mean (±SD) weight loss was similar between the groups (-4.0 ± 1.5 kg in the calorie-restricted group and -4.6 ± 1.5 kg in the carbohydrate-restricted group; P = 0.363). Liver triglycerides decreased significantly with weight loss (P < 0.001) but decreased significantly more (P = 0.008) in carbohydrate-restricted subjects (-55 ± 14%) than in calorie-restricted subjects (-28 ± 23%). Dietary fat (r = 0.643, P = 0.004), carbohydrate (r = -0.606, P = 0.008), posttreatment plasma ketones (r = 0.755, P = 0.006), and respiratory quotient (r = -0.797, P < 0.001) were related to a reduction in liver triglycerides. Plasma aspartate, but not alanine, aminotransferase decreased significantly with weight loss (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Two weeks of dietary intervention (≈4.3% weight loss) reduced hepatic triglycerides by ≈42% in subjects with NAFLD; however, reductions were significantly greater with dietary carbohydrate restriction than with calorie restriction. This may have been due, in part, to enhanced hepatic and whole-body oxidation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01262326.