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1.
The Immune System in Human Milk: A Historic Perspective.
Goldman, AS, Chheda, S
Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2021;(4):189-196
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk contains a remarkable array of immunological agents that evolved over millions of years to protect the recipient human infant. Furthermore, much of the protection persists long after weaning. However, the scientists who first discovered some components of this immune system have rarely been acknowledged. SUMMARY The scientists who made many fundamental immunological discoveries concerning the immune system in human milk include Alfred François Donné, Paul Ehrlich, Lars Å. Hanson, and Jules Bordet. Based upon their discoveries, a wealth of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating agents, and living, activated leukocytes in human milk were later revealed during the last half of the 20th and the first part of the 21st century. Moreover, it was found that human milk enhances the colonization of commensal bacteria that aid to protect the human infant. Key Message: Their discoveries helped to revitalize breastfeeding in industrialized countries during the past several decades.
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Food security and food insecurity in Europe: An analysis of the academic discourse (1975-2013).
Borch, A, Kjærnes, U
Appetite. 2016;:137-147
Abstract
In this paper we address the academic discourse on food insecurity and food security in Europe as expressed in articles published in scientific journals in the period 1975 to 2013. The analysis indicates that little knowledge has been produced on this subject, and that the limited research that has been produced tends to focus on the production of food rather than on people's access to food. The lack of knowledge about European food insecurity is particularly alarming in these times, which are characterised by increasing social inequalities and poverty, as well as shifting policy regimes. More empirical, comparative and longitudinal research is needed to survey the extent of food security problems across European countries over time. There is also a need to identify groups at risk of food insecurity as well as legal, economic, practical, social, and psychological constraints hindering access to appropriate and sufficient food.
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Back by Popular Demand: A Narrative Review on the History of Food Addiction Research.
Meule, A
The Yale journal of biology and medicine. 2015;(3):295-302
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of food addiction has gained more and more popularity. This approach acknowledges the apparent parallels between substance use disorders and overeating of highly palatable, high-caloric foods. Part of this discussion includes that "hyperpalatable" foods may have an addictive potential because of increased potency due to certain nutrients or additives. Although this idea seems to be relatively new, research on food addiction actually encompasses several decades, a fact that often remains unrecognized. Scientific use of the term addiction in reference to chocolate even dates back to the 19th century. In the 20th century, food addiction research underwent several paradigm shifts, which include changing foci on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, obesity, or binge eating disorder. Thus, the purpose of this review is to describe the history and state of the art of food addiction research and to demonstrate its development and refinement of definitions and methodologies.
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Apollinaire Bouchardat (1806-1886): founder of modern Diabetology.
Karamanou, M, Koutsilieris, M, Laios, K, Marineli, F, Androutsos, G
Hormones (Athens, Greece). 2014;(2):296-300
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Abstract
Apollinaire Bouchardat is regarded as the founder of the field of Diabetology. His contributions to the field include the first known recommendations for specific diets for the management of Diabetes Mellitus and his emphasis on patient education and self-monitoring. He was moreover a great pharmacist as well as a distinguished physician and biochemist.
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Impact of genomics on the field of probiotic research: historical perspectives to modern paradigms.
Johnson, BR, Klaenhammer, TR
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2014;(1):141-56
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Abstract
For thousands of years, humans have safely consumed microorganisms through fermented foods. Many of these bacteria are considered probiotics, which act through diverse mechanisms to confer a health benefit to the host. However, it was not until the availability of whole-genome sequencing and the era of genomics that mechanisms of probiotic efficacy could be discovered. In this review, we explore the history of the probiotic concept and the current standard of integrated genomic techniques to discern the complex, beneficial relationships between probiotic microbes and their hosts.
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Alexander I. Ignatowski: a pioneer in the study of atherosclerosis.
Konstantinov, IE, Jankovic, GM
Texas Heart Institute journal. 2013;(3):246-9
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Abstract
In 1908, Alexander I. Ignatowski (1875-1955) published his pioneering work that first revealed a relationship between cholesterol-rich food and experimental atherosclerosis. This early experimental work paved a way to the metabolic study of the mechanism of atherosclerosis. Herein, we present a brief account of Ignatowski's work and life.
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United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine: Warfighter research focusing on the past 25 years.
Pandolf, KB, Francesconi, R, Sawka, MN, Cymerman, A, Hoyt, RW, Young, AJ, Zambraski, EJ
Advances in physiology education. 2011;(4):353-60
Abstract
The United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) celebrated its 50th anniversary on July 1, 2011. This article reviews its history, evolution, and transition of its research programs as well as its scientific and military accomplishments, emphasizing the past 25 yr. During the 1990s, USARIEM published a series of pocket guides providing guidance for sustaining Warfighter health and performance in Southwest Asia, Somalia, the former Republic of Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Haiti. Issues identified during Operation Desert Storm elicited research that improved nutritional guidelines for protracted desert operations; safer use of nuclear, chemical, and biological protective clothing; equipment, development, and fielding of efficient microclimate cooling systems; and effective evaluation of pharmaceuticals to protect soldiers from chemical and biological threats. During the first decade of the 21st century, USARIEM and the Department of the Army published official medical/performance doctrines for operations in the heat and cold and at high altitude. The current Global War on Terrorism focused research to improve doctrines for hot, cold, and high-altitude operations, reduce musculoskeletal training injuries, provide improved field nutrition, more efficient planning for operational water requirements, and improve both military clothing and materiel. This article also describes the critically important interactions and communications between USARIEM and deployed units and the benefits to Warfighters from this association. This report presents USARIEM's unique and world-class facilities, organizational changes, scientific and support personnel, and major research accomplishments, including the publication of 2,200 scientific papers over the past 25 yr.
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The role of basic nutritional research in pediatric liver disease: An historical perspective.
Cleghorn, G
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2009;:S93-6
Abstract
The advent of liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease (ESLD) in children has necessitated a major rethink in the preoperative preparation and management from simple palliative care to active directed intervention. This is particularly evident in the approach to the nutritional care of these patients with the historical understanding of the nutritional pertubations in ESLD being described from a single pediatric liver transplant center. ESLD in children is a hypermetabolic process adversely affecting nutritional status, metabolic, and non-metabolic body compartments. There is a complex dynamic process affecting metabolic activity within the metabolically active body cell mass, as well as lipid oxidation during fasting and at rest, with other factors operating in conjunction with daily activities. We have proposed that immediately ingested nutrients are a more important source of energy in patients with ESLD than in healthy children, among whom energy may be stored in various body compartments.
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Overview: Liver disease and transplantation.
Powell, LW
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2009;:S97-S104
Abstract
Australia has had a proud and enviable record of seminal contributions to hepatology, with many contributors. Thus, any attempt to summarize these contributions ab initio in a brief review article is a significant challenge, primarily because it is so easy to overlook or underestimate particular aspects. In this article, I have confined my comments primarily to the areas where the contributions have had a significant global impact and have clearly been recognized internationally. This means that many worthwhile Australian additions will be omitted if there was less apparent international impact. The first significant interest in liver disease in Australia was from the Melbourne group at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) and Royal Melbourne Hospital, leading to seminal contributions to the description, diagnosis, aetiopathogenesis and therapy of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Others from Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney contributed substantially to the effects of immunosuppression of autoimmune hepatitis and to early descriptions of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Other areas where Australians have contributed significantly include steatohepatitis, iron metabolism (and in particular hemochromatosis), viral hepatitis (both at the molecular and clinical level), portal hypertension, and transplant immunology. The remarkable contribution of Professor Dame Sheila Sherlock to Australian hepatology is also summarized.